Which of the following antihypertensives act on the vasomotor centre:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Prazosin, an alpha-1 blocker, acts peripherally, not on the vasomotor center. Methyldopa, a centrally acting α2 agonist, reduces sympathetic outflow from the vasomotor center, a true statement lowering blood pressure. Hydralazine dilates arteries directly, not centrally. Reserpine depletes catecholamines peripherally and centrally but isn't primarily vasomotor-focused. Losartan (likely misspelled) is an ARB, peripheral. Methyldopa's central action is key in pregnancy hypertension, offering a unique mechanism among antihypertensives.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary targets Sertoli cells in the testes to drive spermatogenesis, regulating sperm production and supporting male fertility. Androgen production, mainly testosterone, falls under luteinizing hormone (LH), not FSH, though both hormones interplay in reproduction. Testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells is LH-driven, not FSH, which focuses on sperm maturation. Progesterone, minimal in males, isn't FSH-regulated, being more female-centric. FSH's role in spermatogenesis is specific, distinguishing it from hormonal regulation and highlighting its importance in reproductive physiology, ensuring students understand its targeted action over broader endocrine effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The main difference between ester group local anesthetics and amide group local anesthetics lies in the way they are metabolized in the body. Esters are metabolized in the plasma by the enzyme pseudocholinesterase, while amides are metabolized in the liver. Pseudocholinesterase hydrolyzes esters into inactive metabolites, which are then excreted mainly by the kidneys. On the other hand, amides undergo hepatic metabolism by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system before being excreted by the kidneys. This key metabolic difference between esters and amides impacts their pharmacokinetics, including onset of action, duration of effect, and potential for allergic reactions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hallucinations, violence, hypertension, and hyperthermia suggest phencyclidine (PCP) overdose . PCP, an NMDA antagonist, causes dissociative psychosis and sympathetic stimulation. Alcohol sedates, cocaine lacks hallucinations, marijuana doesn't cause violence, and Quaaludes (E) sedate. PCP's unique profile fits this acute, agitated presentation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Chinese culture, the use of heat, such as through warm foods or heating pads, is often believed to restore balance and promote healing. This cultural practice may influence the patient's preferences and expectations during hospitalization. Radiographs, hospital diets, and the perception of hospitalization are less likely to be significant cultural factors in this context. Therefore, the nurse should consider the patient's cultural beliefs about heat and incorporate them into the care plan as appropriate.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Prazosin, an alpha-1 blocker, acts peripherally, not on the vasomotor center. Methyldopa, a centrally acting α2 agonist, reduces sympathetic outflow from the vasomotor center, a true statement lowering blood pressure. Hydralazine dilates arteries directly, not centrally. Reserpine depletes catecholamines peripherally and centrally but isn't primarily vasomotor-focused. Losartan (likely misspelled) is an ARB, peripheral. Methyldopa's central action is key in pregnancy hypertension, offering a unique mechanism among antihypertensives.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Arterial blood pressure is regulated by two main factors: cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, while systemic vascular resistance refers to the resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation. The combination of these two parameters determines the pressure within the arteries. If cardiac output or systemic vascular resistance increases, blood pressure will increase, and vice versa. Therefore, when discussing the regulation of arterial blood pressure, focusing on cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance is crucial for understanding how the body maintains blood pressure within a normal range. The other choices, such as heart rate and peripheral resistance, blood volume and renal blood flow, as well as myocardial contractility and arteriolar constriction, are important factors in cardiovascular physiology but are not the primary determinants of arterial blood pressure regulation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the case of a Heparin overdose, the antidote of choice is Protamine sulfate. Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant medication, and if an overdose occurs leading to excessive bleeding, Protamine sulfate can be administered to reverse the effects of Heparin by neutralizing its anticoagulant activity. It forms a complex with Heparin, rendering it inactive and helping to slow down or stop the bleeding. Naloxone is used as an antidote for opioid overdose, Ibutilide is used for arrhythmias, and Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant commonly used to treat ADHD. But these antidotes are not appropriate for reversing the effects of a Heparin overdose.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide are commonly used to treat edema by promoting diuresis. However, one notable adverse effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in patients with diabetes is the potential to elevate blood glucose levels. These medications can lead to an increase in blood glucose due to their effect on renal glucose reabsorption, resulting in hyperglycemia. Therefore, when monitoring a patient with diabetes who is receiving a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for edema, it is crucial for the nurse to closely monitor the patient's blood glucose levels to prevent any adverse effects related to hyperglycemia.