Which of the following antifungal agent act as fungicidal by inhibiting the synthesis of β1,3 glucan used for the disseminated mucocutaneous Candida infections?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Caspofungin is the correct answer as it inhibits the synthesis of β1,3 glucan in fungal cell walls, leading to cell lysis and death. 2. Amphotericin B acts by binding to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, disrupting membrane integrity (fungistatic). 3. Flucytosine is converted to 5-fluorouracil inside fungal cells, inhibiting DNA synthesis (fungistatic). 4. Ketoconazole inhibits ergosterol synthesis, disrupting membrane function (fungistatic).

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is the correct answer for treating mild hypertension due to its effectiveness in reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure. HCTZ works by promoting urine production, leading to decreased fluid retention and lower blood pressure. Furosemide (A) is a loop diuretic mainly used for edema and severe hypertension. Spironolactone (B) is a potassium-sparing diuretic often used for heart failure and hyperaldosteronism. Amiloride (D) is another potassium-sparing diuretic used in combination with other diuretics. Overall, HCTZ is preferred for mild hypertension due to its efficacy, safety, and low cost.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Furosemide. Furosemide is a loop diuretic, which is the most potent type of diuretic that acts on the loop of Henle in the kidney, leading to significant water and electrolyte loss. This excessive diuresis can result in hypovolemia and subsequent hypotension. Acetazolamide (A) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic that works in the proximal tubule and is not as potent as loop diuretics. Spironolactone (C) is a potassium-sparing diuretic that acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct, so it is not as potent as loop diuretics and does not typically cause hypotension from excessive diuresis. Hydrochlorothiazide (D) is a thiazide diuretic that works in the distal convoluted tubule and is less potent than loop diuretics like f

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amiloride. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that works by inhibiting aldosterone. Combining it with another potassium-sparing diuretic like Amiloride can increase the risk of hyperkalemia. On the other hand, combining Spironolactone with loop diuretics like Furosemide or thiazide diuretics like Chlorthalidone or Hydrochlorothiazide can provide synergistic effects by targeting different parts of the nephron to enhance diuresis without significantly increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. So, combining Spironolactone with Amiloride is not recommended to avoid hyperkalemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D): 1. Large or complicated calculi can lead to serious complications like kidney damage or constant bleeding. 2. Asking the client to recollect urine afresh allows for accurate testing to guide appropriate treatment. 3. Surgical treatments may be necessary but are not the immediate priority in this scenario. 4. Urgent intervention is needed to address the complications associated with the calculi. 5. Proper diagnosis and management of the underlying issues are crucial before considering surgical options. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A: Describing treatment options for renal cancer is irrelevant to the question about calculi management. B: High priority nursing diagnoses for chronic glomerulonephritis do not address the immediate issue of large or complicated calculi. C: Options for vascular access with hemodialysis are unrelated to the surgical treatment of calculi complications.