Which of the following antienzymes is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It works by blocking carbonic anhydrase enzyme, reducing the production of bicarbonate ions and consequently decreasing fluid production in the eye, reducing intraocular pressure. Physostigmine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in glaucoma. Selegiline is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used in Parkinson's disease. Aminocaproic acid is an antifibrinolytic used to treat excessive bleeding. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly inhibits the carbonic anhydrase enzyme.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Intravenous. Pamidronate is a bisphosphonate used to treat bone diseases like osteoporosis. Intravenous route ensures rapid and complete absorption, leading to optimal therapeutic effects. Oral administration (A) would result in poor bioavailability. Subcutaneous (B) and intranasal (C) routes are not commonly used for pamidronate due to inconsistent absorption and inadequate therapeutic levels. Therefore, intravenous administration is the preferred route for pamidronate to achieve the desired clinical outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics act in the distal convoluted tubule by inhibiting the sodium-chloride symporter, leading to increased sodium and water excretion. This results in decreased blood volume and reduced blood pressure. Loop diuretics (A) act in the loop of Henle, potassium-sparing diuretics (C) act in the collecting duct, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (D) act in the proximal convoluted tubule. Thiazide diuretics are preferred for conditions like hypertension and edema due to their efficacy and site of action in the distal convoluted tubule.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibition of transpeptidation in the bacterial cell wall. Penicillins work by inhibiting the enzyme transpeptidase, which is involved in the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains in the bacterial cell wall. This leads to weakened cell walls, causing bacterial cell lysis. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because penicillins do not inhibit beta-lactamase (choice B), activate endogenous proteases to destroy the cell wall (choice C), or activate endogenous phospholipases altering cell membrane permeability (choice D). The primary mechanism of action of penicillins is through interfering with cell wall synthesis, making choice A the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nitrofurantoin is the correct answer because it is a nitrofurane derivative with antibacterial properties, commonly used to treat urinary tract infections. Trimethoprim, Ciprofloxacin, and Nystatin are not nitrofurane derivatives and have different mechanisms of action, making them ineffective for this purpose.