Which of the following antienzymes is a beta-lactamase inhibitor?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are all beta-lactamase inhibitors. Beta-lactamase inhibitors work by inactivating the beta-lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria, thus protecting beta-lactam antibiotics. Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are commonly used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics to enhance their efficacy. Therefore, choosing D as the correct answer is justified as all the options listed are indeed beta-lactamase inhibitors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. 1. Primary hyperparathyroidism can lead to increased excretion of phosphate in the urine, causing hypophosphatemia. 2. Vitamin D deficiency can result in impaired absorption of phosphate in the intestines, contributing to hypophosphatemia. 3. Idiopathic hypercalciuria can lead to excessive excretion of both calcium and phosphate in the urine, further exacerbating hypophosphatemia. In summary, all three conditions (A, B, and C) are associated with hypophosphatemia due to different mechanisms involving impaired phosphate balance in the body.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C is correct: 1. Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic commonly used to treat hypertension. 2. Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic often used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. 3. Fixed-dose combinations of both drugs are effective in managing essential hypertension. 4. Therefore, choice C, "Both of the above," is correct as it includes both hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride. Summary: - Choice A is incorrect because hydrochlorothiazide alone is not always part of fixed-dose combinations for essential hypertension. - Choice B is incorrect because amiloride alone is not commonly used to treat essential hypertension. - Choice D is incorrect because both hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride can be part of fixed-dose combinations for essential hypertension.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Glycopeptides. Glycopeptides inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, not protein synthesis. Macrolides (A), Aminoglycosides (B), and Tetracyclines (D) all inhibit protein synthesis at different stages, making them effective antibiotics against bacterial infections. Glycopeptides specifically target cell wall synthesis by binding to D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of the growing peptidoglycan chain, leading to cell lysis. Therefore, Glycopeptides do not directly interfere with protein synthesis, distinguishing them from the other antibiotics listed.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because Streptomycin is known to cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Ototoxicity refers to the damage it can cause to the inner ear, leading to hearing loss and balance issues. Nephrotoxicity refers to its potential to harm the kidneys. The other choices are incorrect because cardiotoxicity (A) and hepatotoxicity (B) are not typically associated with Streptomycin use. Retrobulbar neuritis with red-green color blindness (C) is a side effect of Ethambutol, not Streptomycin.