Which of the following anthelmintic acts as a cholinergic agonist in the * nematodes and causes spastic paralysis of the worms?:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Piperazine is the correct answer as it acts as a cholinergic agonist in nematodes, causing spastic paralysis by mimicking acetylcholine. 2. Pyrantel pamoate works by depolarizing neuromuscular junctions, not through cholinergic agonism. 3. Mebendazole and Albendazole inhibit microtubule synthesis in worms, leading to impaired glucose uptake, not cholinergic effects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Thiazide diuretics decrease urinary excretion of uric acid, leading to increased blood levels. Thiazides also increase potassium reabsorption, potentially causing hyperkalemia. However, the main effect on uric acid levels makes choice A correct. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as thiazides do not directly impact BUN, urea, or glucose levels.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Conivaptan. Conivaptan is a non-peptide competitive antagonist of ADH, specifically targeting the V2 receptors in the collecting ducts of the nephron. This mechanism of action inhibits ADH's water-sparing effects, making it an effective treatment for SIADH. A: Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic used for conditions like cerebral edema and acute kidney injury, not specifically for SIADH. B: Bumetanide is a loop diuretic used for conditions like heart failure and hypertension, not for managing SIADH. C: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic used for conditions like heart failure and hypertension, not for treating SIADH. In summary, Conivaptan is the correct choice for managing SIADH due to its specific mechanism of action as a competitive antagonist of ADH in the collecting ducts, while the other options are

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor commonly used in treating glaucoma due to its ability to decrease intraocular pressure. The drug works by reducing the production of aqueous humor in the eye. This mechanism makes it an effective treatment for glaucoma. In contrast, liver cirrhosis (choice A) is typically managed with diuretics that act on the kidneys to reduce fluid accumulation. CHF (choice B) is commonly treated with loop diuretics to reduce fluid overload and improve cardiac function. Acetazolamide is not indicated for treating heart failure. Kidney failure (choice D) may require diuretics to manage fluid balance, but acetazolamide is not the first-line treatment in this condition. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as acetazolamide's current indication is in the treatment of glaucoma.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys in the glomerular capsule, stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Choice B (the loop of Henle cells) is incorrect as they are involved in urine concentration, not hormone production. Choice C (pyramids of the kidney) is incorrect as they are structures in the kidney, not involved in hormone production. Choice D (adrenaline) is incorrect as it is produced by the adrenal glands, not the kidneys.