Which of the following agents may be used as an antidote for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Certainly! Fomepizol is the correct antidote for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning as it inhibits the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, preventing the conversion of these toxic alcohols into their more harmful metabolites. Disulfiram (A) is used in alcohol aversion therapy, not for poisoning treatment. Naltrexone (C) is an opioid receptor antagonist used in alcohol dependence, not poisoning. Amphetamine (D) is a stimulant drug, not an antidote for poisoning. Thus, B is the correct choice for treating ethylene glycol and methanol poisonings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Eleuterococci extract. Adaptogens are substances that help the body adapt to stress and promote balance. Eleutherococcus, also known as Siberian ginseng, is a well-known adaptogen commonly used as a stimulant in traditional medicine. Rationale: 1. Eleuterococci extract is a known adaptogen that helps the body cope with stress and fatigue. 2. Amphetamine and Sydnocarb are stimulant drugs but do not belong to the category of adaptogens. 3. Caffeine is a stimulant but does not qualify as a true adaptogen since it does not have the holistic stress-adapting properties of adaptogens. In summary, Eleuterococci extract is the correct choice as it aligns with the definition and properties of adaptogens, while the other choices lack the specific stress-adapting qualities required for adaptogens.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Buspirone is a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic that acts on serotonin receptors, not GABA receptors like other sedative-hypnotic drugs. 2. Since it does not target GABA receptors, it does not potentiate CNS depressant effects of ethanol, phenothiazines, or tricyclic antidepressants. 3. This makes it the only drug in the list that does not interact with these substances, making it the correct answer. Summary: - Phenobarbital, Diazepam, and Chloralhydrate are sedative-hypnotic drugs that potentiate CNS depressant effects of ethanol and other drugs due to their action on GABA receptors. - Buspirone, on the other hand, does not potentiate these effects as it acts on serotonin receptors, not GABA receptors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Sevoflurane decreases the ventilatory response to hypoxia by depressing the central nervous system. It inhibits the brain's response to low oxygen levels, leading to decreased breathing effort. Nitrous oxide, desflurane, and halothane do not have the same effect on the ventilatory response to hypoxia. Nitrous oxide actually stimulates the ventilatory response, while desflurane and halothane may have minimal effects or slightly increase the response. Thus, Sevoflurane is the correct choice as it specifically decreases the ventilatory response to hypoxia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sucralfate. Sucralfate forms a physical barrier by binding to the ulcer site, protecting it from stomach acid and pepsin. Ranitidine (A) and Omeprazole (C) are both acid-reducing drugs that work by inhibiting acid production. Pirenzepine (D) is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that decreases acid secretion but does not form a physical barrier. Therefore, Sucralfate is the correct choice for forming a physical barrier to HCl and pepsin.