Which of the following agents is used as an inhalation drug in asthma?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Ipratropium is a bronchodilator used in asthma. 2. It works by blocking muscarinic receptors, reducing bronchoconstriction. 3. Atropine and Homatropine are anticholinergic drugs but not commonly used in asthma. 4. Lobeline is a respiratory stimulant, not used for bronchodilation in asthma. Summary: Ipratropium is the correct choice as it specifically targets bronchodilation in asthma by blocking muscarinic receptors. Atropine, Homatropine, and Lobeline are not commonly used for this purpose in asthma treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Pindolol is a non-selective beta-blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (partial beta-agonist). 2. It competes with catecholamines for beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and blood pressure. 3. Propranolol (A) and metoprolol (B) are non-selective beta-blockers without partial agonist activity. 4. Betaxolol (D) is a selective beta-1 blocker without partial agonist activity. Summary: Pindolol (C) is the correct choice due to its partial beta-agonist activity, which distinguishes it from the other options that lack this property.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Triazolam. Triazolam has the shortest elimination half-life among the options provided, typically around 2-5 hours. This is due to its rapid metabolism and elimination from the body. In comparison, Temazepam (A) has a longer half-life of around 8-20 hours, Flurazepam (C) has a half-life of 40-250 hours, and Diazepam (D) has a half-life of 20-100 hours. Therefore, Triazolam is the best choice for short-term hypnotic effects due to its quick elimination from the body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Carbamazepine. This drug is the drug of choice for partial seizures due to its efficacy in controlling focal seizures and its broad spectrum of activity. Carbamazepine works by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, reducing neuronal excitability. Rationale: - Carbamazepine is a common first-line treatment for partial seizures. - It is effective in controlling focal seizures. - It has a broad spectrum of activity against various types of seizures. - Carbamazepine's mechanism of action involves blocking sodium channels, reducing neuronal excitability. Summary of other choices: - B: Ethosuximide is primarily used for absence seizures, not partial seizures. - C: Diazepam is a short-acting benzodiazepine used for acute seizure management, not as a primary treatment for partial seizures. - D: Lamotrigine is more commonly used for generalized seizures and may not be as effective for controlling partial seizures.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Levodopa is a dopamine precursor used in Parkinson's disease. 2. Gastrointestinal irritation is a common side effect due to increased dopamine in the gut. 3. Cardiovascular effects like tachycardia and hypotension can occur due to dopamine's influence on the heart. 4. Mental disturbances and withdrawal may result from dopamine fluctuations. 5. Amantadine (A) and Selegiline (D) do not typically cause these specific side effects. 6. Benztropine (B) is an anticholinergic used to treat extrapyramidal symptoms, not known for these adverse effects.