Which of the following agents is/are important hormonal antagonists of insulin in the body?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above. Glucagon, adrenal steroids, and adrenaline are important hormonal antagonists of insulin. Glucagon promotes glucose release from the liver, counteracting insulin's effects. Adrenal steroids and adrenaline increase blood sugar levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Therefore, all these agents act against insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. Other choices are incorrect because each agent individually plays a role in antagonizing insulin's effects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 21 days. The half-life of I.V. IgG preparation is significantly longer compared to the other options. IgG has a long half-life of approximately 21 days due to its structural properties that allow it to circulate in the body for an extended period. This prolonged half-life is crucial for maintaining therapeutic levels of IgG in the body over an extended period. Options A, B, and C have much shorter half-lives compared to IgG, making them incorrect choices for this question.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pyridoxine. Isoniazid used in tuberculosis treatment can lead to pyridoxine deficiency, causing peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, supplementing with pyridoxine is essential. Nicotinic acid (A) is not directly related to isoniazid therapy. Riboflavin (B) deficiency is not a common issue with isoniazid. Ascorbic acid (D) does not play a role in preventing isoniazid-induced neuropathy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Lovastatin combined with a bile-acid binding resin has been shown to cause regression of coronary lesions in about one third of treated patients. This is supported by clinical studies and research, demonstrating the effectiveness of this combination therapy in improving coronary health. The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the evidence and outcomes of this specific treatment approach. Choice B (FALSE) is incorrect because there is evidence to support the regression of coronary lesions with this treatment. Choice C (All) is incorrect because not all patients treated with this combination therapy experience regression of coronary lesions. Choice D (None) is incorrect as there is a significant proportion of patients who do benefit from this treatment in terms of lesion regression.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D: All of the above. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) can lead to hypercalcemia due to increased absorption of calcium, pruritus as a potential allergic reaction, and GI toxicity including symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Each option represents a possible side effect of calcifediol, making choice D the correct answer encompassing all potential adverse effects.