Which of the following adverse effects is specific to the biguanide diabetic drug metformin

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lactic acidosis is an adverse effect specific to the biguanide diabetic drug metformin. It is a rare but serious complication associated with the use of metformin. Lactic acidosis occurs when there is a buildup of lactate in the body, leading to a decrease in pH levels. This condition can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms of lactic acidosis include rapid breathing, muscle pain or weakness, abdominal pain, dizziness, and irregular heartbeat. It is important for individuals taking metformin to be aware of the signs and symptoms of lactic acidosis and seek medical help if they experience them.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: St. John's Wort is known to interact with phenytoin, a drug commonly used to treat seizures. St. John's Wort can decrease the effectiveness of phenytoin by increasing its metabolism in the liver. This interaction can lead to lower levels of phenytoin in the bloodstream, potentially reducing its therapeutic effects and increasing the risk of seizure recurrence. It is important for individuals taking phenytoin to avoid using St. John's Wort to prevent this drug interaction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Montelukast is primarily used for the prevention and treatment of asthma. It is a leukotriene receptor antagonist that works by blocking leukotrienes, substances in the body that cause symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis. By blocking leukotrienes, Montelukast helps to reduce inflammation in the airways, decrease bronchoconstriction, and ultimately improve asthma symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. It is not used for lowering pain levels, treating depression, or improving wakefulness in patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sedatives and hypnotics are drugs that act as depressants on the central nervous system. They slow down brain activity, leading to relaxation, drowsiness, and in higher doses, inducing sleep. These drugs are commonly used to reduce anxiety, promote sleep, or induce anesthesia. Therefore, the correct classification for sedatives and hypnotics is as depressants.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bradykinin is not an eicosanoid. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Bradykinin, on the other hand, is a peptide that functions as a mediator of inflammation and pain by promoting vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability.