Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the action that violates a psychiatric patient's rights is option C, where staff members confiscated written letters done by patients addressed to the local newspaper. Patients have the right to communicate freely and express their thoughts and feelings through various means, such as letter-writing. Confiscating these letters is a violation of their rights to free expression and communication. It is essential to respect and uphold the rights of psychiatric patients, including their right to communicate with others.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The symptoms described - sudden-onset severe headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, neck stiffness, and positive Kernig and Brudzinski signs - are classic manifestations of meningitis. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, often caused by infection. The sudden onset of these symptoms and signs, along with neck stiffness and positive Kernig and Brudzinski signs (indicative of meningeal irritation), strongly suggest meningitis as the most likely diagnosis in this scenario.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the provided scenario, the patient is scheduled for Lithotripsy under spinal anesthesia. This means that the nurse needs to communicate with the department of anesthesia to coordinate and prepare for the procedure. Anesthesia departments are responsible for administering various types of anesthesia, including spinal anesthesia, to ensure patients are comfortable and pain-free during medical procedures. Therefore, contacting the department of anesthesia is crucial in this situation to ensure that the necessary arrangements are in place for the patient's lithotripsy procedure.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Using aseptic technique and sterile equipment during catheter insertion is crucial for minimizing the risk of infection during bladder catheterization. Aseptic technique involves maintaining a sterile field, washing hands thoroughly, using sterile gloves, and ensuring that all equipment used is sterile. By following these practices, the nurse can prevent introducing bacteria into the urinary tract, reducing the likelihood of infection in the patient. While cleansing the perineal area with antiseptic solutions is important for general hygiene, the priority for infection prevention during catheterization lies in maintaining a sterile environment during the procedure. Administering prophylactic antibiotics is not routinely recommended for catheterization unless there are specific risk factors present.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Insulinoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that arises from pancreatic beta cells, leading to excessive production and secretion of insulin. The symptoms described in the patient, such as weight loss, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hypoglycemia, and elevated insulin levels, are characteristic of insulinoma.