Which of the following abused drugs is related to stimulants?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Cocaine, amphetamine, and caffeine are all stimulant drugs that affect the central nervous system, leading to increased alertness, energy, and euphoria. Cocaine is a powerful stimulant derived from the coca plant, amphetamine is a synthetic stimulant commonly used as a prescription medication or illicit drug, and caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant found in coffee, tea, and other beverages. All three substances have similar effects on the body, making them related to stimulants. Therefore, the correct answer is D as all the options (A, B, and C) are related to stimulants.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Loperamide. Loperamide is an antidiarrheal medication that works by slowing down gut motility and inhibiting peristalsis in the intestines. This helps to increase the absorption of water and electrolytes, leading to firmer stools. Castor oil (A) and Sorbitol (D) are laxatives that promote peristalsis and bowel movements. Bisacodyl (B) is a stimulant laxative that increases intestinal motility and promotes bowel movements. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they have the opposite effect of inhibiting peristalsis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because glycosides intoxication can lead to a variety of manifestations affecting different systems. Visual changes may occur due to the effects on the central nervous system. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias can result from the cardiac toxicity of glycosides. Gastrointestinal disturbances are also common, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Therefore, all the above choices are correct manifestations of glycosides intoxication. Options A, B, and C are incorrect individually as they only represent some of the possible manifestations, whereas option D encompasses all the correct manifestations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker used as an antianginal agent to treat angina by dilating blood vessels and reducing the workload of the heart. It specifically blocks L-type calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Nitroglycerin is a nitrate that works by dilating blood vessels but does not block calcium channels. Dipyridamole is a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Minoxidil is a direct vasodilator that opens potassium channels, not calcium channels. Therefore, the correct answer is D (Nifedipine).

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dobutamine. Dobutamine is a positive inotropic drug that enhances cardiac contractility without affecting the heart rate. It is a non-glycoside structure, making it distinct from options A (Digitoxin) and B (Digoxin), which are glycoside-based cardiac glycosides. Strophanthin (option D) is also a cardiac glycoside. Dobutamine works by increasing the intracellular calcium concentration, leading to improved myocardial performance. It is commonly used in the treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Thus, the correct choice is C due to its non-glycoside structure and positive inotropic effects.