Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Malnutrition. Malnutrition weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to contracting tuberculosis. A well-nourished individual has a stronger immune response to fight off TB bacteria. Exposure to toxic gases (A), congenital abnormalities (B), and obstruction by tumor (C) do not directly predispose a client to TB. Malnutrition is the key factor as it impairs the immune system's ability to combat the TB bacteria effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Profound neuromuscular irritability. In hypoparathyroidism, there is a decrease in parathyroid hormone leading to low calcium levels. This can result in neuromuscular irritability such as muscle cramps, spasms, and tingling. Monitoring for neuromuscular symptoms is crucial as they can progress to severe complications like seizures. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because hypoparathyroidism does not typically present with severe hypotension, excessive thirst, or acute gastritis. Monitoring for signs of hypocalcemia and neuromuscular irritability is essential in managing hypoparathyroidism.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the evaluation phase of the nursing process, the nurse sets priorities for patient care to determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions. This involves comparing achieved outcomes with established goals. Choices B and D are related to evaluation as they involve determining whether outcomes or standards are met and documenting results of goal achievement, respectively. However, choice C, ambulating the patient, is an intervention that would typically occur in the implementation phase, not the evaluation phase. Therefore, the correct answer is A because setting priorities for patient care is a key component of the evaluation phase.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (Lifetime dependency on hormone replacement) because after hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary gland), patients will no longer produce essential hormones like growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, etc. Therefore, they will require lifelong hormone replacement therapy to maintain normal bodily functions. A: Abnormal distribution of body hair is not directly related to hypophysectomy. C: While fluid intake may be important post-surgery, it is not the primary focus of teaching. D: There is typically no need for repeat surgical procedures after a hypophysectomy, as it is a one-time surgery to address specific issues. In summary, choice B is correct as it directly addresses the long-term implications of the surgery on hormone production and the need for replacement therapy, while the other choices are not directly relevant to the post-operative care of hypophysectomy patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes. This nursing diagnosis is appropriate for a patient with pneumonia and lower lobe infiltrates because pneumonia causes inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli, leading to impaired gas exchange. The nurse correctly identified the underlying respiratory issue. A: Ineffective breathing pattern related to pneumonia is incorrect as it focuses on the pattern of breathing rather than the physiological problem causing the breathing difficulty. B: Risk for infection related to chest x-ray procedure is incorrect as the patient already has a diagnosis of pneumonia, so the focus should be on managing the existing condition. C: Risk for deficient fluid volume related to dehydration is incorrect as there is no indication of dehydration in the question stem. In summary, the nurse's diagnosis of Impaired gas exchange related to alveolar-capillary membrane changes is the most appropriate as it addresses the respiratory issue caused by pneumonia and lower lobe infiltrates.