Which nursing actions demonstrate cultural competence? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because planning mealtime around the patient's prayer schedule shows respect for the patient's religious beliefs and cultural practices. This action demonstrates cultural competence by acknowledging and accommodating the patient's needs and preferences. The other choices, although important in addressing the spiritual and cultural needs of patients, do not specifically demonstrate cultural competence as directly as option A. Helping a patient visit with the hospital chaplain (B) and providing time for a patient's spiritual healer to visit (D) are important for spiritual support but may not necessarily address cultural competence. Researching foods for a lacto-ovo-vegetarian patient (C) is more related to dietary preferences rather than a demonstration of cultural competence.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Fluphenazine. Fluphenazine is a typical antipsychotic medication known to cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), a serious and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by altered mental status, diaphoresis, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, and autonomic dysfunction. The symptoms described in the scenario such as diaphoresis, rigidity of extremities, elevated blood pressure, fever, and elevated creatine kinase levels are indicative of NMS. Option A) Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic that is less commonly associated with NMS compared to typical antipsychotics like fluphenazine. Option B) Dantrolene is a muscle relaxant used to treat malignant hyperthermia, not NMS. Option D) Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic with a lower risk of causing NMS compared to typical antipsychotics like fluphenazine. Educationally, understanding the side effects and adverse reactions of psychotropic medications is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working in mental health settings. Recognizing the symptoms of NMS and its association with specific medications can help in early identification, prompt intervention, and prevention of life-threatening complications in patients receiving these medications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Chlorpromazine. Chlorpromazine is a first-generation antipsychotic medication known to cause drug-induced liver injury, which can present with symptoms such as jaundice, dark urine, light stools, and itching. Elevated alkaline phosphatase and conjugated bilirubin levels further support the suspicion of drug-induced liver injury caused by chlorpromazine in this case. Among the other options: A) Clozapine is less likely to cause liver injury compared to chlorpromazine. C) Risperidone and D) Quetiapine are second-generation antipsychotics that have a lower risk of hepatotoxicity compared to first-generation antipsychotics like chlorpromazine. Educationally, this case highlights the importance of monitoring for potential adverse effects of psychotropic medications, especially in vulnerable populations such as elderly patients. Understanding the side effect profiles of different classes of psychotropic medications is crucial for healthcare providers to make informed decisions about treatment options and to detect and manage adverse effects promptly to ensure patient safety and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Frontal lobe. In schizophrenia, disorganized thinking is a common symptom associated with dysfunction in the frontal lobe of the brain. The frontal lobe is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and decision-making. Dysfunctions in this area can manifest as disorganized thoughts and behaviors seen in schizophrenia. Option A) Hippocampus is involved in memory formation and retrieval, not specifically associated with disorganized thinking in schizophrenia. Option C) Cerebellum is primarily involved in motor control and coordination, not typically linked to disorganized thinking in schizophrenia. Option D) Brainstem plays a role in basic life functions like breathing and heart rate, not directly related to the cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia. Understanding the neurobiological basis of symptoms in psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia is crucial for healthcare providers, especially when prescribing psychotropic medications. By knowing which brain regions are affected, providers can tailor treatment strategies to target specific symptoms, leading to better patient outcomes and improved quality of life.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option A) dry mouth. Muscarinic receptor blockade is associated with the inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to decreased secretions. Dry mouth, known as xerostomia, is a common side effect of this blockade. Option B) gynecomastia is not typically associated with muscarinic receptor blockade. Gynecomastia is the enlargement of breast tissue in males and is more commonly linked to hormonal imbalances or certain medications like antipsychotics. Option C) pseudoparkinsonism is a side effect often seen with dopamine receptor blockade, particularly in antipsychotic medications, not muscarinic receptor blockade. Option D) orthostatic hypotension is a side effect related to alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blockade, not muscarinic receptor blockade. It results in a drop in blood pressure upon standing up. Educationally, understanding the side effects of different classes of medications is crucial for nurses to provide safe and effective care. Recognizing the specific manifestations of muscarinic receptor blockade, such as dry mouth, allows for timely assessment and intervention to manage potential complications and improve patient outcomes.