Which nursing action will be included in the plan of care for a 25-yr-old male patient with a new diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Encouraging the patient to express concerns and ask questions about IBS is important for providing emotional support and promoting understanding. Step 2: This action shows empathy and fosters a therapeutic relationship, which can help the patient cope with the new diagnosis. Step 3: By expressing concerns and asking questions, the patient can gain knowledge about IBS and actively participate in their care. Step 4: This approach aligns with patient-centered care principles and empowers the patient to be involved in decision-making regarding their health. Summary: - Option B is incorrect as increasing intake of dairy products can exacerbate IBS symptoms in some individuals. - Option C is incorrect as avoiding NSAIDs is generally recommended for IBS patients due to potential gastrointestinal side effects. - Option D is incorrect as alosetron is a medication with potential serious side effects and should not be the first-line treatment for IBS.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: pepsin. Pepsin is an enzyme secreted by the stomach that breaks down proteins into peptides. Initially, pepsin is produced in an inactive form called pepsinogen, which is activated by the acidic environment in the stomach. Pepsin works optimally at a low pH, which is maintained by hydrochloric acid (choice C) in the stomach. Lipase (choice D) is an enzyme that breaks down fats, not proteins. So, the correct enzyme responsible for digesting proteins in the stomach is pepsin.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: liver. Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages found in the liver, where they play a crucial role in phagocytosis and immune responses. They help remove debris, toxins, and pathogens from the blood. The other options (A: gallbladder, B: pancreas, C: intestine) are incorrect because Kupffer cells are not typically present in these organs. The liver is the main site for Kupffer cells due to its role in filtering and processing blood.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Mg++. Magnesium is not readily absorbed in the small intestine due to its reliance on active transport mechanisms and limited absorption sites. Na+, Cl-, and K+ are all readily absorbed in the small intestine through passive or active transport processes. Na+ is mainly absorbed through active transport, Cl- through passive diffusion, and K+ through both passive and active transport mechanisms. Therefore, Mg++ stands out as it requires specific carriers for absorption, making it less readily absorbed compared to the other ions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, duodenum. Secretin and cholecystokinin are hormones secreted by the duodenal mucosa in response to the presence of acidic chyme from the stomach entering the duodenum. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, while cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to release bile to aid in digestion. Choices A (pyloric region), B (Ileum), and D (Oesophagus) are incorrect because secretin and cholecystokinin are not secreted in these regions of the gastrointestinal tract.