Which notable public health figure is known for her work in establishing the foundation for modern nursing and hospital sanitation?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Florence Nightingale. She is known for pioneering modern nursing practices and establishing hospital sanitation standards during the Crimean War. Nightingale's emphasis on hygiene, proper nutrition, and patient care revolutionized healthcare. Mary Mallon (B) was a cook linked to typhoid outbreaks, not a public health figure. Elizabeth Blackwell (C) was the first female physician in the US. Lillian Wald (D) was a nurse and social reformer but not primarily known for hospital sanitation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the smallpox eradication campaign. This initiative led by the World Health Organization successfully eliminated smallpox globally in 1980. The campaign involved mass vaccination programs, surveillance, and containment strategies. The introduction of the polio vaccine (choice A) targeted polio, not smallpox. The development of the tuberculosis vaccine (choice C) aimed to combat tuberculosis, not smallpox. The WHO's health for all campaign (choice D) focused on promoting health for all, but it did not directly address smallpox eradication.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Clean Air Act. This legislation was indeed launched in the 1970s to address air quality and industrial pollution in the U.S. It set standards for air quality, regulated industrial emissions, and aimed to protect public health. The other choices are incorrect because: B: The Safe Drinking Water Act focuses on ensuring safe drinking water, not air quality. C: The Environmental Protection Agency Act established the EPA to oversee environmental regulations but does not specifically target air quality improvement. D: The National Health Policy Act is not a specific initiative related to air quality or industrial pollution.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Improvement of sanitation and water supply systems. This practice helped reduce the spread of infectious diseases like cholera by ensuring clean water supply and proper waste disposal, preventing contamination. Hospitals (A) treat but do not prevent diseases like cholera. Antibiotics (B) were not discovered until the 20th century and are used to treat bacterial infections, not prevent the spread of diseases. Public health insurance (D) provides financial support for healthcare but does not directly impact disease prevention measures like sanitation improvements.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The Declaration of Alma-Ata. This event marked the beginning of a global effort to address public health disparities and health inequities by emphasizing primary healthcare as a fundamental right for all. It recognized the importance of addressing social determinants of health and promoting equity in health services. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Global Health Security Agenda focuses on preventing, detecting, and responding to infectious disease threats, not specifically on health disparities. B: The World Health Organization was established in 1948 and plays a crucial role in global health, but it does not specifically mark the beginning of addressing health disparities. D: The Millennium Development Goals aimed to address global challenges such as poverty, education, and gender equality, but did not specifically focus on health disparities.