Which neurotransmitters are most responsible for wakefulness? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct neurotransmitter most responsible for wakefulness is Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is actually an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, which means it helps to calm neural activity. In the context of wakefulness, GABA plays a crucial role by inhibiting certain brain signals that promote sleep. When GABA levels are low, it can lead to increased wakefulness. Norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine are not primarily responsible for wakefulness. Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are more associated with attention, arousal, and memory processes. Dopamine is involved in motivation, reward, and movement. While these neurotransmitters can indirectly influence wakefulness through their effects on different brain regions and functions, they are not the main drivers of the sleep-wake cycle. In an educational context, understanding the roles of different neurotransmitters in regulating wakefulness is crucial for students studying psychobiological disorders. It helps in comprehending how imbalances in these neurotransmitters can lead to sleep disorders such as insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness. By grasping the specific functions of neurotransmitters like GABA in maintaining wakefulness, students can better understand the underlying mechanisms of these disorders and potential treatment approaches targeting these neurotransmitter systems.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) identify sexual misinformation. The nurse's question aims to assess the patient's understanding and beliefs regarding sexual matters to identify any misconceptions or inaccurate information the patient may have internalized from their upbringing. This is crucial in providing accurate sexual health education and addressing any potential misunderstandings or myths that may impact the patient's well-being. Option A) identify areas of sexual dysfunction for treatment is incorrect because the question is not specifically focused on identifying dysfunction but rather on uncovering misinformation. Option B) determine possible homosexual urges is incorrect as the question is not related to assessing the patient's sexual orientation but rather their understanding of sexual matters. Option C) introduce the topic of masturbation is incorrect as the question is more about exploring past misconceptions rather than introducing new topics during the assessment. In an educational context, this question highlights the importance of addressing sexual health in a non-judgmental and informative manner. It emphasizes the significance of assessing and correcting any misinformation or myths that individuals may have acquired, promoting a more accurate understanding of sexual matters for overall well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sexual dysfunction is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for a patient who is experiencing a problem affecting one or more phases of arousal. This is the primary problem reported by this patient. Ineffective sexuality pattern, since it is due to sexual dysfunction, is secondary to the absence of orgasms. The patient has not indicated she does not become aroused, just that she cannot achieve orgasm. Disturbed sensory perception may be part of the etiology, but the problem is sexual dysfunction. There is no evidence of defensive coping.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A sexual disorder is defined as an activity that is socially atypical, has the potential to disrupt significant relationships, and may result in insult or injury to others. The behavior described constitutes a sexual disorder (voyeurism). Although laws vary, an act does not have to be illegal to constitute a sexual disorder. The fact that the behavior occurs in a public setting could have a bearing on whether it is illegal, but not on whether it is considered to be a sexual disorder.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: One strategy for avoiding acting on inappropriate urges is to avoid environments and circumstances that evoke those urges; for a pedophile this would include avoiding all situations that would likely result in contact with children. Pedophilic disorder is persistent; elimination of fantasies about children would be unrealistic. A person who volunteers to lead a scout troop is placing himself/herself around children. A diminished sex drive or a healthy sex life with an appropriate partner does not necessarily reduce the desire for sexual contact with children.