Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: vagus. The efferent swallow reflex involves motor nerves responsible for swallowing. The vagus nerve is primarily responsible for the afferent (sensory) pathway in the swallow reflex, while the efferent pathway involves the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nerves. The trigeminal nerve (A) controls chewing muscles, the facial nerve (C) is responsible for facial expressions and some swallowing muscles, and the hypoglossal nerve (D) controls the movement of the tongue during swallowing. Therefore, the vagus nerve is not directly involved in the efferent motor control of swallowing, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation. Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism and is relatively constant even during starvation when muscle breakdown occurs. A: Incorrect, as increasing respiratory quotient > 1.0 indicates excessive carbohydrate utilization. B: Incorrect, SDA is the energy used for digestion and absorption of nutrients, not specific to protein metabolism. C: Incorrect, glucagon stimulates protein breakdown to release amino acids for energy during fasting.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Activation of protein kinase A leads to phosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase. Step 2: Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates and activates phosphorylase. Step 3: Active phosphorylase cleaves 1,4-glycosidic linkages in glycogen, not 1,6 linkages (eliminates A). Step 4: Phosphorylase is activated by phosphorylase kinase, not norepinephrine (eliminates B and C). Step 5: Inhibition of glycogen synthesis occurs when phosphorylase is activated, supporting choice D as the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gonads. Gonads are the primary reproductive organs, responsible for producing sex hormones and gametes. In males, the testes produce testosterone and sperm, while in females, the ovaries produce estrogen and eggs. Adrenal glands (A) produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are not sex-specific. Parathyroid glands (C) regulate calcium levels in the body. Pancreas (D) produces insulin and digestive enzymes, unrelated to sex differences. Therefore, the secretion from gonads is the only one that differs between males and females due to their distinct reproductive functions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone). The anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. This is a key hormone involved in regulating metabolism. A: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) is produced by the posterior pituitary gland. B: Oxytocin is also produced by the posterior pituitary gland and is involved in uterine contractions and lactation. D: Cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands, not the pituitary gland. In summary, TSH is the correct answer as it is the only hormone listed that is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.