Which mutated tumor suppressor gene is most likely to contribute to many types of cancer, including bladder, breast, colorectal, and lung?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, understanding the role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer development is crucial. In this question, the correct answer is A) p53. The p53 gene is known as the "guardian of the genome" because it plays a critical role in preventing cancer by regulating cell division and promoting cell death when necessary. Mutations in the p53 gene can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and are associated with various types of cancer, including bladder, breast, colorectal, and lung cancers. Option B) APC is a tumor suppressor gene commonly associated with colorectal cancer, particularly in cases of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Mutations in the APC gene predispose individuals to the development of numerous polyps in the colon, increasing the risk of cancer. Options C) BRCA1 and D) BRCA2 are known as breast cancer susceptibility genes. Mutations in these genes significantly increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers, especially in individuals with a family history of these cancers. While BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are not typically associated with the types of cancers listed in the question (bladder, colorectal, lung), they are important in the context of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding specific tumor suppressor genes and their implications in different types of cancer. It reinforces the significance of genetic factors in cancer development and underscores the diverse roles of various genes in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Understanding these concepts is vital for pharmacology students to comprehend the molecular basis of cancer and design targeted therapies that can exploit these genetic vulnerabilities.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In cancer treatment, the primary use of biologic therapy is to enhance or supplement the effects of the host's immune responses to tumor cells that produce flu-like symptoms (Option C). This is because biologic therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies or immune checkpoint inhibitors, work by targeting specific components of the immune system to help recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. By boosting the immune response against cancer, these therapies can lead to better outcomes for patients. Option A is incorrect because protecting normal, rapidly reproducing cells of the gastrointestinal system from damage during chemotherapy is typically the role of supportive care medications or growth factors, not biologic therapies used in cancer treatment. Option B is also incorrect as preventing fatigue associated with chemotherapy and high-dose radiation as seen with bone marrow depression is primarily managed through supportive care measures such as blood transfusions or growth factors, not biologic therapies. Option D is incorrect because depressing the immune system and circulating lymphocytes or replacing central nervous system deficits are not the primary goals of biologic therapy in cancer treatment. Biologic therapies aim to stimulate or modulate the immune system to target cancer cells more effectively rather than suppress it. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind using biologic therapy in cancer treatment is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about treatment options for their patients. Knowing the specific mechanisms of action and goals of biologic therapies can help ensure the best possible outcomes for individuals undergoing cancer treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Indicates aggressive tumor behavior and potential resistance to certain treatments. HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2) is a protein that can promote the growth of cancer cells. In breast cancer, HER2 positivity indicates that the cancer cells overexpress this protein, leading to more aggressive tumor behavior. This overexpression is associated with a higher risk of disease recurrence and poorer prognosis. Option B) Signifies slower tumor growth is incorrect because HER2 positivity is actually associated with faster tumor growth due to the overexpression of growth-promoting proteins. Option C) Indicates sensitivity to hormone therapy is incorrect because HER2-positive breast cancers are not typically sensitive to hormone therapy. They may require targeted therapies that specifically address the HER2 protein. Option D) Denotes a benign tumor is incorrect because HER2 positivity is not associated with benign tumors but rather with more aggressive and malignant breast cancers. Educationally, understanding the significance of HER2 positivity in breast cancer is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in the treatment and management of breast cancer patients. It helps in determining the appropriate treatment strategies, including targeted therapies like HER2 inhibitors, to improve patient outcomes. It also underscores the importance of molecular profiling in guiding personalized cancer treatment approaches.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is D) Calcium gluconate. Chvostek's sign is a clinical indicator of hypocalcemia, characterized by facial muscle twitching in response to tapping the facial nerve. Calcium gluconate is the appropriate medication for treating hypocalcemia due to its rapid onset of action and ability to quickly raise serum calcium levels. Option A) Calcitonin is primarily used to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body by inhibiting bone breakdown. It is not the first-line treatment for acute hypocalcemia. Option B) Vitamin D helps in calcium absorption from the gut and is important for maintaining calcium balance in the body, but it is not the immediate treatment for correcting acute hypocalcemia. Option C) Loop diuretics like furosemide are not indicated for treating hypocalcemia. In fact, they can worsen calcium levels by promoting renal calcium excretion. Educational Context: Understanding the significance of Chvostek's sign as an indicator of hypocalcemia is crucial in nursing practice. Knowing the appropriate intervention, such as the administration of Calcium gluconate, can prevent serious complications like muscle spasms, tetany, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with severe hypocalcemia. Nurses should be well-versed in recognizing and managing electrolyte imbalances to provide safe and effective patient care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is D) Remove the dressing and apply a new transparent dressing using sterile technique. This is the most appropriate action to take immediately when a CVAD dressing is loose along two sides. Maintaining the integrity of the CVAD site is crucial in preventing infections and ensuring proper function of the device. By removing the loose dressing and applying a new one using sterile technique, the nurse can reduce the risk of contamination and potential infection at the site. Option A) Wait and change the dressing when it is due is incorrect because leaving the dressing loose increases the risk of infection and compromise to the CVAD site integrity. Option B) Tape the two loose sides down and document is not ideal as it does not address the underlying issue of the loose dressing, and it may not provide adequate protection to the site. Option C) Applying a gauze dressing over the transparent dressing and taping securely is not recommended as it can create a breeding ground for bacteria between the dressings. In an educational context, it is important for nurses to understand the principles of aseptic technique and proper CVAD care to prevent complications. Regular assessment of CVAD sites is essential, and any issues with the dressing should be promptly addressed to maintain patient safety and prevent infections. Following evidence-based guidelines and best practices in CVAD care is essential for providing quality nursing care.