Which muscle name does not make sense?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Extensor minimus longus is nonsensical no such muscle exists. Extensor digitorum extends fingers, gluteus minimus abducts the hip, and biceps femoris flexes the knee all real, anatomically named for action, location, or shape. 'Extensor' implies extension, 'minimus' small size, 'longus' length, but no muscle combines these as 'extensor minimus longus' it's likely a mix-up (e.g., extensor digitorum longus exists). This fabricated name lacks a corresponding structure, distinguishing it from valid, functional terms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Bacteria, particularly pathogenic ones, use secretion systems like type III to inject soluble proteins into host cells. These effector proteins manipulate host processes disrupting signaling, cytoskeletal structure, or immune responses to facilitate infection. Often part of virulence strategies in pathogens like Salmonella, they differ from receptors, which receive signals, and enzymes, which catalyze reactions, though some effectors have enzymatic activity. Antibodies are host-derived, not bacterial. Effector proteins' role in crossing host membranes and altering cellular function distinguishes them, reflecting their specialized purpose in bacterial pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Solubility of most solids in liquids rises with temperature because higher thermal energy enhances molecular motion, breaking solute-solute bonds and increasing solvent-solute interactions. For example, sugar dissolves better in hot water. Pressure affects gases more than solids, and decreasing temperature typically reduces solubility, as seen in crystallization. Lower pressure has minimal impact. This temperature-driven solubility increase, rooted in thermodynamics, applies broadly to ionic and polar solids, distinguishing it from gas solubility dynamics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cellular respiration in animals breaks down glucose with oxygen to produce energy. This process glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain yields ATP, the cell's energy currency, powering functions like muscle movement. Oxygen is a reactant, not a product, while RNA and DNA are genetic molecules, not respiration outputs. ATP's role as the direct energy product, formed via oxidative phosphorylation, marks it as the primary outcome, essential for cellular work and distinguishing it from structural or input substances.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Acetylcholine (Ach), released by somatic motor neurons, excites skeletal muscle fibers by binding nicotinic receptors, opening Na⁺ channels to depolarize the sarcolemma, initiating contraction. GABA, inhibitory in the CNS, doesn't excite muscle. Na⁺ is an ion, not a neurotransmitter it enters post-Ach binding. Ca²⁺ triggers contraction internally, not as a neurotransmitter. Ach's excitatory role at the neuromuscular junction distinguishes it, key for signal transmission, unlike inhibitory, ionic, or intracellular agents.