Which model would be helpful to the nurse in examining the various factors that can lead to disease and suggesting several areas where the nurse could possibly intervene to reduce future incidence of disease?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Web of causality. This model helps the nurse explore the complex interplay of multiple factors contributing to disease. By understanding the interconnectedness of various factors, the nurse can identify points of intervention to prevent or reduce disease incidence. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Epidemiologic triangle focuses on host, agent, and environment, but may not capture all contributing factors. B: Health promotion is more about promoting health behaviors rather than examining disease causation. C: Levels of prevention outline different stages of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary) but do not provide a comprehensive view of disease causation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The positive predictive value of mammography. The nurse needs to understand the likelihood that a positive mammogram result truly indicates cancer in this specific patient. By knowing the positive predictive value, the nurse can provide accurate information and support to the woman. Choice A is incorrect because the negative predictive value is not relevant in this scenario. Choice C is incorrect as the reliability of mammography does not address the woman's immediate emotional distress. Choice D is incorrect as the validity of mammography does not directly help the nurse in supporting the woman's emotional needs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: B: They are close friends - This is the correct answer because close friends often share similar interests and values due to spending a significant amount of time together, influencing each other's preferences. A: They are both members of the same birth cohort - Being born in the same time period does not necessarily explain their similarities in preferences. C: They attended the same school - Attending the same school may not directly lead to similarities in preferences unless they were close friends during that time. D: They both go to the same church - Sharing the same religious affiliation does not necessarily explain their similarities in other aspects of life.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Would result in selection bias. Giving surveys only to high school students who are part of school organizations would lead to selection bias because the sample would not be representative of the entire student population. This bias could skew the results and make them less generalizable. A: Classification bias is not relevant in this context as it pertains to errors in categorizing individuals. B: Confounding bias occurs when an extraneous variable influences the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, which is not applicable in this scenario. C: Personal bias involves individual opinions or beliefs affecting data collection or interpretation, but it is not the primary concern in this case. In summary, selecting only students from school organizations would introduce selection bias, making the survey results unreliable for generalizing to the entire student body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it addresses the primary prevention of CAD through a multi-faceted approach. Starting a heart-healthy curriculum in first grade promotes early education on healthy habits. Presentations on diet and exercise for the community and special education sessions for high-risk populations help increase awareness and knowledge. This comprehensive strategy targets prevention at different levels of the community, making it more effective in reducing the incidence of CAD. Choice B focuses more on individual interventions like online activities and screenings, which may not reach the entire community effectively. Choice C emphasizes education and screenings but lacks a comprehensive approach to prevention compared to Choice A. Choice D focuses on clients already diagnosed with CAD rather than preventing it in the community.