Which medication is used to treat acute gout attacks by reducing inflammation in affected joints?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Colchicine. Colchicine is used to treat acute gout attacks by reducing inflammation in affected joints. It works by decreasing the inflammatory response caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints. Colchicine is not used for long-term prevention of gout attacks like Allopurinol, which is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that lowers uric acid levels. Prednisone is a corticosteroid that can be used to reduce inflammation in gout but is not the first-line treatment. Furosemide is a diuretic used to treat conditions like edema and hypertension, not gout.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Clopidogrel (Choice C) because it is an antiplatelet medication that inhibits platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots. Aspirin (Choice A) also inhibits platelet aggregation but is not as specific as Clopidogrel. Warfarin (Choice B) is an anticoagulant that works by inhibiting the synthesis of clotting factors, not platelet aggregation. Enoxaparin (Choice D) is a low molecular weight heparin that works by inhibiting clot formation through a different mechanism than platelet aggregation. Therefore, Clopidogrel is the most appropriate choice for preventing blood clots by targeting platelet aggregation specifically.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. Chlorthalidone is a thiazide diuretic that works by acting on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys to inhibit sodium reabsorption. This leads to increased excretion of sodium and water, resulting in decreased blood volume and reduced blood pressure. Blocking calcium channels (B) is the mechanism of action for calcium channel blockers, not thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics do not directly inhibit the action of aldosterone (C), which is a hormone that regulates sodium and potassium balance. Thiazides can cause potassium loss, but they do not directly increase the excretion of potassium (D).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ondansetron. Ondansetron is a commonly used antiemetic medication that works by blocking serotonin receptors in the brain, thus preventing nausea and vomiting. It is specifically indicated for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Loperamide (B) is an antidiarrheal medication, Omeprazole (C) is a proton pump inhibitor used for acid reflux, and Dexamethasone (D) is a corticosteroid used for inflammation and immune suppression. These medications are not typically used for preventing nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blocking beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. Atenolol is a beta-blocker that primarily acts on beta-1 receptors in the heart, reducing heart rate and blood pressure. This helps in managing hypertension. Beta-2 receptors are predominantly found in the lungs, so choice B is incorrect. Choice C refers to calcium channel blockers, not atenolol. Choice D is related to diuretics, not beta-blockers like atenolol. Thus, the correct answer is A due to atenolol's specific action on beta-1 receptors in the heart.