Which medication is commonly prescribed to treat an acute migraine attack?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sumatriptan is the correct answer because it is a specific medication called a triptan that is commonly prescribed to treat acute migraine attacks by targeting serotonin receptors to reduce inflammation and constrict blood vessels in the brain. Ibuprofen and aspirin are general pain relievers that may help with mild migraines but are not as effective for acute attacks. Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine used for anxiety and seizures, not for migraine treatment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Phenytoin. Phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug commonly used to manage seizures in patients with epilepsy. It works by stabilizing the neuronal membranes and inhibiting the spread of seizure activity. Aspirin (A) is a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory drug, not used for seizures. Metformin (C) is used for diabetes, not seizures. Furosemide (D) is a diuretic used for treating fluid retention, not seizures. Therefore, Phenytoin is the correct choice for managing seizures in patients with epilepsy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Do not use near heat or flame." Albuterol is a bronchodilator inhaler, and using it near heat or flame can lead to the risk of fire due to its flammable nature. This instruction is crucial for patient safety. A: "Do not use this medication more than once a day" is incorrect because the frequency of albuterol inhaler use is typically based on the individual's condition and prescribed by the healthcare provider. B: "Rinse your mouth after every use to avoid infection" is not directly related to albuterol inhaler use. Rinsing the mouth is more commonly recommended with steroid inhalers to prevent oral thrush. D: "Take it with food to reduce GI discomfort" is not necessary for albuterol inhaler use as it is not typically associated with significant gastrointestinal side effects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that acts on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidneys to inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions. This leads to increased excretion of water and electrolytes, reducing fluid volume and relieving congestion in heart failure patients. Choice B is incorrect because furosemide does not directly inhibit aldosterone. Choice C is incorrect because furosemide does not affect myocardial contractions but rather fluid balance. Choice D is incorrect because furosemide's primary mechanism of action is not related to relaxing vascular smooth muscle.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Atorvastatin is a statin drug that works by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver. By inhibiting this enzyme, atorvastatin reduces the production of cholesterol in the body, leading to decreased levels of LDL cholesterol. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because atorvastatin does not increase cholesterol synthesis, bind bile acids, or directly increase HDL cholesterol levels.