Which medication is commonly prescribed to treat acute pain and inflammation in conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Celecoxib. Celecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly prescribed to treat acute pain and inflammation in conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It works by inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme, reducing inflammation and pain. Furosemide (B) is a diuretic used to treat fluid retention, not pain or inflammation. Gabapentin (C) is an anticonvulsant primarily used for nerve pain and seizures, not inflammation. Clonazepam (D) is a benzodiazepine used for anxiety and seizures, not for pain and inflammation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys. Dapagliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, which prevents the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys, leading to increased glucose excretion in the urine. This mechanism helps lower blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because dapagliflozin does not directly impact insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, or incretin hormone breakdown. It primarily acts on the kidneys to reduce blood glucose levels.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Clopidogrel (Choice C) because it is an antiplatelet medication that inhibits platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots. Aspirin (Choice A) also inhibits platelet aggregation but is not as specific as Clopidogrel. Warfarin (Choice B) is an anticoagulant that works by inhibiting the synthesis of clotting factors, not platelet aggregation. Enoxaparin (Choice D) is a low molecular weight heparin that works by inhibiting clot formation through a different mechanism than platelet aggregation. Therefore, Clopidogrel is the most appropriate choice for preventing blood clots by targeting platelet aggregation specifically.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. Chlorthalidone is a thiazide diuretic that works by acting on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys to inhibit sodium reabsorption. This leads to increased excretion of sodium and water, resulting in decreased blood volume and reduced blood pressure. Blocking calcium channels (B) is the mechanism of action for calcium channel blockers, not thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics do not directly inhibit the action of aldosterone (C), which is a hormone that regulates sodium and potassium balance. Thiazides can cause potassium loss, but they do not directly increase the excretion of potassium (D).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ondansetron. Ondansetron is a commonly used antiemetic medication that works by blocking serotonin receptors in the brain, thus preventing nausea and vomiting. It is specifically indicated for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Loperamide (B) is an antidiarrheal medication, Omeprazole (C) is a proton pump inhibitor used for acid reflux, and Dexamethasone (D) is a corticosteroid used for inflammation and immune suppression. These medications are not typically used for preventing nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients.