Which medication is commonly prescribed to treat anxiety and panic disorders by enhancing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Alprazolam, Lorazepam, and Diazepam are all benzodiazepines that enhance the effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter that inhibits brain activity, leading to reduced anxiety and panic. These medications work by binding to GABA receptors and increasing the inhibitory actions of GABA. Therefore, all three medications are commonly prescribed to treat anxiety and panic disorders. The other choices (A, B, C) are incorrect because each of these medications individually is commonly prescribed for anxiety and panic disorders by enhancing GABA effects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fexofenadine. It is a second-generation antihistamine that helps reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis by blocking the action of histamine. Histamine is released during an allergic reaction, causing symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose. Ibuprofen (B) is a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory drug, not typically used for allergic rhinitis. Loratadine (C) is another second-generation antihistamine, also used to treat allergic rhinitis. Paracetamol (D) is a pain reliever and fever reducer, not specifically used for allergic rhinitis symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is the most commonly used medication for treating acute anaphylaxis due to its rapid onset of action and ability to reverse severe allergic reactions. It works by constricting blood vessels, increasing heart rate, and opening airways. Diphenhydramine (B) is an antihistamine that can help with mild allergic reactions but is not as effective as epinephrine for anaphylaxis. Albuterol (C) is a bronchodilator used for asthma and may help with airway constriction in some cases of anaphylaxis, but it is not the first-line treatment. Prednisone (D) is a corticosteroid that can help reduce inflammation but is not fast-acting enough for the immediate treatment of anaphylaxis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, which works by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure. By inhibiting its production, lisinopril helps dilate blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, and improve blood flow. This mechanism is crucial in managing hypertension. Choice B is incorrect because beta-blockers, not ACE inhibitors like lisinopril, block beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart to reduce heart rate and blood pressure. Choice C is incorrect because while lisinopril does relax vascular smooth muscle, the primary mechanism is through angiotensin II inhibition. Choice D is incorrect because lisinopril does not directly affect sodium excretion in the kidneys; instead, it primarily targets the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to regulate blood

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Amlodipine works by blocking calcium channels in the blood vessels, leading to vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance. This results in reduced blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers like amlodipine do not inhibit norepinephrine reuptake (B), stimulate beta-1 adrenergic receptors (C), or increase sodium excretion in the kidneys (D). These mechanisms are associated with other classes of medications.