Which major public health goal was established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1988?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The elimination of polio. In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eliminate polio worldwide. This initiative set a major public health goal to eradicate polio, not just control it. Polio eradication has been a key focus of WHO's efforts, with significant progress made since then. A: The eradication of tuberculosis - While tuberculosis is a major public health concern, the specific goal established by WHO in 1988 was the elimination of polio, not tuberculosis. C: The global elimination of malaria - Malaria is another significant public health issue, but the WHO's major goal in 1988 was focused on polio eradication, not malaria elimination. D: The promotion of universal healthcare - While universal healthcare is an important public health goal, it was not the specific goal established by WHO in 1988. The focus at that time was on the eradication of polio

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Edward Jenner is credited with developing the first successful smallpox vaccine. In 1796, he introduced the concept of vaccination using cowpox virus to provide immunity against smallpox. This breakthrough laid the foundation for modern immunization practices. Louis Pasteur is known for his work on germ theory and vaccines for rabies and anthrax. Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine. Ignaz Semmelweis promoted handwashing to reduce infections in healthcare settings. Only Jenner's work directly relates to smallpox vaccination, making choice A the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The Medicare and Medicaid Act. This law, passed in 1965, introduced both Medicare and Medicaid programs, significantly expanding healthcare access for elderly and low-income individuals. Medicare provides health coverage for individuals aged 65 and older, while Medicaid serves low-income individuals and families. The Social Security Act (A) primarily focuses on retirement benefits and is not specific to healthcare. The Affordable Care Act (B) was signed into law in 2010 and aimed to improve and expand access to healthcare for all Americans, not just the elderly and low-income. The National Health Service Act (D) is a UK law establishing the National Health Service and is not relevant to U.S. healthcare legislation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A: The establishment of maternal and child health programs Rationale: 1. Maternal and child health programs provided prenatal care, postnatal support, and child healthcare services. 2. These programs focused on educating mothers on proper infant care, nutrition, and hygiene. 3. By addressing maternal and child health issues, infant mortality rates were reduced significantly. 4. The emphasis on early intervention and preventive care in these programs contributed to improved infant health outcomes. Summary: B: The invention of the incubator - While helpful in neonatal care, it did not directly address broader public health issues impacting infant mortality rates. C: The development of the first flu vaccine - Important for disease prevention but not specifically targeted at infant mortality reduction. D: The establishment of universal vaccination programs - Vital for public health but does not solely focus on maternal and child health issues.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The cholera outbreak study by John Snow. This event in the 19th century significantly advanced public health understanding of sanitation and disease transmission by demonstrating the link between contaminated water sources and cholera transmission. John Snow's investigation led to the removal of a contaminated water pump, which effectively stopped the outbreak. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Spanish Flu pandemic, while significant, did not specifically focus on sanitation and disease transmission understanding. B: The discovery of penicillin revolutionized treatment but did not directly contribute to public health understanding of sanitation. D: The formation of the CDC is important for disease control, but it did not have the same direct impact on advancing understanding of sanitation and disease transmission as John Snow's study.