Which major public health achievement was led by the sanitation movement in the 19th century?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Improvement of water and waste disposal systems. The sanitation movement in the 19th century focused on improving public health by implementing better water and waste disposal systems. This helped reduce the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Smallpox vaccination (A) was not directly related to the sanitation movement. Antibiotics (B) were developed later in the 20th century and were not a major focus of the sanitation movement. The creation of the World Health Organization (D) occurred in the 20th century and was not a direct outcome of the sanitation movement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The founding of the World Health Organization (WHO). In 1948, WHO was established as a specialized agency of the United Nations, dedicated to promoting global health. The creation of WHO marked a major milestone in global health efforts because it provided a platform for international cooperation, coordination, and advocacy on health issues. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The creation of the United Nations in 1945 focused on international peace and security, not specifically on global health. C: The introduction of the polio vaccine occurred in 1955 by Jonas Salk, which was a significant event but happened after 1948. D: The Health for All Declaration was adopted by WHO in 1978, emphasizing the goal of achieving health for all by the year 2000, making it not the correct answer for the international event in 1948.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: The Medicare and Medicaid Act. This legislation, passed in the 1960s, established both Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for low-income individuals. Medicare provides health coverage for individuals aged 65 and older, while Medicaid offers coverage for those with low incomes. The Affordable Care Act (A) was passed in 2010 and expanded access to healthcare but was not the key legislation in the 1960s. The Social Security Act (C) was passed in the 1930s and primarily focused on providing retirement benefits. The Medicaid Act (B) is not a standalone legislation and is part of the Medicare and Medicaid Act.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the 1946 National Mental Health Act in the U.S. indeed created the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). This institute was established to conduct research on mental health issues and to provide funding for research grants. It played a crucial role in advancing understanding and treatment of mental health disorders. Choice A is incorrect because the Act did not establish the first national health insurance program. Choice B is incorrect as the Act did not specifically focus on increasing healthcare funding for rural communities. Choice D is incorrect as the Act did not provide free mental health services for all citizens; rather, it focused on research and funding for mental health initiatives.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Louis Pasteur is the correct answer as he is known for his work in the development of the germ theory of disease. Pasteur's experiments on fermentation and his successful development of vaccines for rabies and anthrax supported the idea that microorganisms are responsible for causing diseases. Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine, not for the germ theory. Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine, while Robert Koch is known for his work on identifying specific pathogens as the cause of specific diseases, not the overall germ theory. Therefore, A is correct.