Which major health challenge did the U.S. face in the early 20th century, leading to the establishment of public health nursing?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The need for maternal and child health programs. In the early 20th century, the U.S. faced high infant mortality rates and poor maternal health due to lack of proper healthcare and education. Public health nursing was established to address these issues through prenatal care, child health initiatives, and education for mothers. This focus on maternal and child health programs was crucial in improving overall community health. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect: A: The rise of chronic diseases - While chronic diseases were a concern, the primary focus of public health nursing at that time was on maternal and child health. B: The spread of influenza - Influenza was a significant health challenge, but it did not lead to the establishment of public health nursing. D: The control of tuberculosis - Tuberculosis was a major public health concern, but it was not the primary driver for the establishment of public health nursing in the early 20th century.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. The primary purpose of the 1935 Social Security Act was to provide benefits for elderly, unemployed, and disabled individuals. This act established a system of social insurance that included old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and assistance for the disabled. The other choices are incorrect because: A: To establish the National Health Service - This was not the primary purpose of the 1935 Social Security Act. The act focused more on economic security than on healthcare. B: To provide a foundation for public health programs - While the act did contribute to the overall well-being of individuals, its main focus was on providing financial support to specific groups in need. C: To create the first national health insurance plan - The act did not create a comprehensive national health insurance plan but rather focused on social insurance programs for specific groups.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the launch of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, as it specifically focused on improving maternal and child health. The CDC (A) primarily focuses on disease control and prevention. Antibiotics (C) revolutionized treatment but not specifically for maternal and child health. The World Health Organization (D) has a broader global health focus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Global Polio Eradication Initiative. This initiative, launched in 1988, specifically targeted the eradication of polio through vaccination efforts worldwide. It involved coordinated vaccination campaigns, surveillance, and monitoring to eliminate the disease. The other choices are incorrect because: B: The Global Vaccination Program is a vague and generic term that does not specifically address polio eradication. C: The Smallpox Eradication Campaign, while significant, focused on eradicating smallpox, not polio. D: The Health for All Campaign is a broad initiative by the World Health Organization that aimed to achieve universal health coverage, but it did not have a primary focus on polio eradication through vaccination.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Medicare and Medicaid Act. In 1965, this law was passed, creating the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Medicare provided health insurance for individuals aged 65 and older, while Medicaid offered coverage for low-income individuals. This law significantly expanded access to healthcare for these specific populations. The other choices are incorrect because: B: The National Health Service Act is a UK legislation establishing the National Health Service. C: The Affordable Care Act was passed in 2010, not 1965, and focused on healthcare reform, not specifically targeting elderly and low-income individuals. D: The Social Security Act, passed in 1935, focused on providing financial assistance and benefits, not healthcare access.