Which major event in the 20th century led to significant advances in the public health understanding of sanitation and disease transmission?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The cholera outbreak study by John Snow. This event in the 19th century significantly advanced public health understanding of sanitation and disease transmission by demonstrating the link between contaminated water sources and cholera transmission. John Snow's investigation led to the removal of a contaminated water pump, which effectively stopped the outbreak. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Spanish Flu pandemic, while significant, did not specifically focus on sanitation and disease transmission understanding. B: The discovery of penicillin revolutionized treatment but did not directly contribute to public health understanding of sanitation. D: The formation of the CDC is important for disease control, but it did not have the same direct impact on advancing understanding of sanitation and disease transmission as John Snow's study.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The Sanitation Movement. This movement focused on reducing the spread of infectious diseases by improving sanitation and hygiene practices. Sanitation measures like clean water supply, waste disposal, and proper sewage systems were key components in preventing the transmission of diseases. The other choices are incorrect as they do not specifically address the importance of sanitation and hygiene in combating infectious diseases. The Health Promotion Movement emphasizes overall well-being, the Social Determinants of Health Movement focuses on addressing societal factors influencing health outcomes, and the Immunization Movement revolves around the use of vaccines to prevent diseases.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: The Public Health Service Act. This law, passed in 1912, established the U.S. Public Health Service, providing a framework for the country's public health system. It focused on preventing the spread of diseases, conducting research, and promoting public health education. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Public Health Act is a generic term and not a specific law passed in 1912. B: The Social Security Act was passed in 1935 and focused on providing financial support for the elderly and disabled, not on public health. C: The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was passed in 1938 and primarily regulates the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics, not the establishment of the public health system.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vaccination campaigns. Vaccination campaigns were crucial in nearly eradicating polio worldwide by creating herd immunity. This intervention effectively prevented the spread of the virus by immunizing large populations. Quarantine measures (B) alone would not have been as effective in eradicating a highly contagious disease like polio. Antiviral drug treatments (C) are not as effective in preventing the spread of a virus like polio compared to vaccination. Health education programs (D) are important but do not directly prevent the transmission of the poliovirus like vaccination does.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The need for maternal and child health programs. In the early 20th century, the U.S. faced high infant mortality rates and poor maternal health due to lack of proper healthcare and education. Public health nursing was established to address these issues through prenatal care, child health initiatives, and education for mothers. This focus on maternal and child health programs was crucial in improving overall community health. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect: A: The rise of chronic diseases - While chronic diseases were a concern, the primary focus of public health nursing at that time was on maternal and child health. B: The spread of influenza - Influenza was a significant health challenge, but it did not lead to the establishment of public health nursing. D: The control of tuberculosis - Tuberculosis was a major public health concern, but it was not the primary driver for the establishment of public health nursing in the early 20th century.