Which level of prevention is a community health nurse (CHN) practising when she offers homeless clients yearly tuberculosis (TB) screening and free treatment for those who test positive?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Secondary prevention. The CHN is conducting TB screening and treatment for homeless clients who test positive, which falls under secondary prevention aimed at early detection and treatment to prevent the spread of TB. Primary prevention focuses on preventing the disease before it occurs, such as through education and vaccination. Tertiary prevention involves managing and treating the disease to prevent complications and further spread. Choice D is incorrect because the activities described only align with secondary prevention, not tertiary prevention.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because providing care for homeless individuals in hospital emergency departments is the most costly due to the high utilization of resources and staff required for acute care. Homeless individuals often lack access to primary care, leading them to seek care in emergency departments for non-emergent issues. This results in increased costs for the community due to higher hospital bills, longer wait times, and strain on healthcare resources. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly address the significant financial burden associated with providing care in hospital emergency departments for homeless individuals.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Poverty. Poverty is the primary determining factor of poor health outcomes in women due to its impact on access to healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions. Lack of resources can lead to inadequate medical care, unhealthy food choices, and increased exposure to environmental hazards. Feelings of powerlessness and stress can be byproducts of living in poverty, but poverty itself is the root cause. Lack of knowledge may contribute to poor health outcomes, but it is not the primary factor like poverty.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because public health nurses (PHNs) need skills in policy development and program planning to address population health issues effectively. PHNs work on a larger scale to improve health outcomes in communities through strategic planning and implementation. This competency enables them to create sustainable interventions and advocate for systemic changes. Choice A is incorrect because while some knowledge of high-technology diagnostics may be helpful, it is not a core competency for PHNs. Choice B is incorrect as life-support technology is more relevant to acute care settings, not public health. Choice C is incorrect because PHNs focus on preventive care and health promotion rather than critical care assessment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The prevalence rate is the total number of existing cases in a population at a given time. In this case, the total number of women with a cancer event is 35 (previously diagnosed) + 20 (newly diagnosed) = 55. To calculate prevalence rate, we divide the total number of cases (55) by the total population screened (8,000), giving us 55/8,000 = 0.006875 or 0.6875%, which is equivalent to 0.7% (Choice B). Therefore, the correct answer is D because it correctly represents the calculation for prevalence rate. Choice A is incorrect as it does not reflect the correct calculation. Choice C is incorrect as it presents the prevalence rate as a percentage without the correct value.