Which laboratory testing is used to detect the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) HIV antibody testing. This test detects the presence of antibodies produced by the body in response to HIV infection. When a person is infected with HIV, their immune system produces antibodies to fight the virus, which can be detected through this testing method. Option A) HIV screening is a broad term that can refer to various types of tests used to detect HIV, including HIV antibody testing. It is not a specific laboratory test. Options C) Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) counts and D) Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) counts are tests used to monitor the progression of HIV infection and the immune status of the individual but do not directly detect the presence of the virus itself. In the context of maternal newborn nursing, understanding how to detect HIV in pregnant women is crucial for preventing mother-to-child transmission. By identifying HIV-positive pregnant women early through appropriate testing, healthcare providers can initiate interventions to reduce the risk of transmission to the newborn, such as antiretroviral therapy and other preventive measures. This knowledge is vital for providing comprehensive care to both the mother and the newborn, emphasizing the importance of accurate laboratory testing in maternal newborn nursing practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question about different forms of hepatitis, option B is the correct choice because Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is indeed acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water, making it a highly relevant and accurate statement. This is an important fact to remember in maternal newborn nursing as pregnant women are particularly susceptible to infections that can affect the health of both the mother and the baby. Option A is incorrect as there is no current vaccine available for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) but there is one for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Option C is also incorrect as HBV is actually more contagious than HIV. Option D is incorrect as the incidence of HCV is not decreasing but rather increasing due to various factors like injection drug use and lack of awareness. Understanding the modes of transmission and characteristics of different hepatitis viruses is crucial for healthcare professionals working in maternal newborn nursing to provide appropriate care, prevent transmission, and educate patients effectively. It is essential to stay updated on current information and guidelines to ensure the safety and well-being of both mothers and newborns.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Vomiting and diarrhea would be unlikely in a client experiencing a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. In a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, the body reacts to the toxins released when large numbers of bacteria are killed by antibiotics. This reaction typically manifests with symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, myalgias, and arthralgia. These symptoms are a result of the body's immune response to the sudden release of bacterial products. Option B) Headache, myalgias, and arthralgia are common symptoms of a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction and are expected in this situation. Option C) Preterm labor is not a typical symptom of a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction and is not directly related to the body's response to antibiotics. Option D) Jarisch-Herxheimer in the first 24 hours after treatment is plausible as this reaction can occur shortly after starting antibiotic therapy. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to be aware of the potential side effects of medications used in the treatment of infectious diseases such as syphilis. Understanding the signs and symptoms of a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is essential for providing safe and effective care to clients undergoing treatment for syphilis. Nurses must be able to differentiate between expected and unexpected reactions to promptly address any complications that may arise.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of ethical issues in maternal newborn nursing, the most important action the nurse should perform when a woman has chosen the calendar method of conception control is to obtain a history of the woman's menstrual cycle lengths for the past 6 to 12 months (Option A). This is crucial because the effectiveness of the calendar method relies heavily on the accuracy of the woman's menstrual cycle data. By gathering this information, the nurse can assess the regularity of the woman's cycles and determine the fertile window more accurately, thus providing appropriate guidance on timing intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Option B, determining the client's weight gain and loss pattern, is not directly relevant to assessing the effectiveness of the calendar method for conception control. While weight changes can impact fertility, it is not the primary consideration when using this specific method. Option C, examining skin pigmentation and hair texture for hormonal changes, is also not directly related to assessing the calendar method's efficacy. These changes may indicate hormonal imbalances, but they are not specific to evaluating the effectiveness of timing intercourse based on menstrual cycle patterns. Option D, exploring the client's previous experiences with conception control, while important for understanding the client's contraceptive history, is not as pertinent as obtaining detailed menstrual cycle information when assessing the calendar method's suitability for the woman. Educationally, this rationale highlights the importance of thorough assessment in maternal newborn nursing, especially when discussing contraceptive methods. Understanding the principles behind each method and how to assess their effectiveness is crucial for providing holistic and effective care to women seeking family planning guidance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) The ideal candidate has difficulty remembering to take oral contraceptives daily. Injectable progestins like Depo-Provera (DMPA) are suitable for individuals who struggle with daily medication adherence. This method provides long-acting contraception, requiring only a shot every 3 months, eliminating the need for daily pill intake. Option A is incorrect because DMPA often causes menstrual irregularities, leading to amenorrhea in some users, so it is not chosen for those seeking regularity. Option B is incorrect because individuals with a history of thrombotic problems or breast cancer are not recommended to use hormonal contraceptives due to increased health risks. Option D is incorrect because being homeless or mobile does not specifically indicate a preference for DMPA; access to healthcare and follow-up for injections might be challenging in this situation. Educationally, it is crucial for nurses to understand the various contraceptive options available and match them to individual patient needs and preferences to ensure effective and safe family planning. Providing comprehensive information about contraceptive methods empowers clients to make informed decisions about their reproductive health.