Which laboratory test value is elevated in clients who smoke and can’t be used as a general indicator of cancer?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Serum calcitonin level. Smoking can elevate serum calcitonin levels due to the effect of nicotine. However, an elevated serum calcitonin level is not a general indicator of cancer. Step 1: Understand that smoking can increase serum calcitonin levels. Step 2: Recognize that elevated serum calcitonin levels are not specific to cancer and can be influenced by other factors. Step 3: Differentiate between a marker that is specific to cancer (such as carcinoembryonic antigen) and one that can be affected by smoking but not necessarily indicative of cancer (serum calcitonin). Thus, while smoking can elevate serum calcitonin levels, it is not a reliable indicator of cancer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inform the physician immediately. This is important because finding a lump in the breast could be a sign of breast cancer, so prompt medical evaluation is crucial. Checking after the next menstrual cycle (B) may delay diagnosis and treatment. Squeezing the nipple (C) can cause harm and is not a reliable method for assessing a lump. Using a heating pad (D) is not recommended as it may mask symptoms and delay proper evaluation. Early detection and intervention are key in improving outcomes for breast cancer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hypomagnesemia. 1. Hypertension and cardiac dysrhythmias can be exacerbated by low magnesium levels. 2. Magnesium plays a crucial role in maintaining normal heart rhythm and blood pressure. 3. Hypomagnesemia can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and worsen hypertension. 4. Metabolic acidosis (A) is not directly related to hypertension and dysrhythmias. 5. Hypernatremia (B) and hypercalcemia (D) are less likely to be associated with cardiac issues in this context. In summary, checking for hypomagnesemia is essential due to its direct impact on the client's hypertension and cardiac dysrhythmias.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Assess apical heart before administering digitalis. This is important because digitalis can slow down the heart rate, so it is crucial to monitor the client's heart rate before giving the medication to prevent further decrease in cardiac output. Encouraging activities that engage the Valsalva maneuver (A) is contraindicated in clients with congestive heart failure as it can lead to increased intra-thoracic pressure and decreased venous return, worsening cardiac output. Encouraging the client to perform exercises (B) may also increase cardiac workload and exacerbate symptoms. Offering small frequent feedings (D) is generally beneficial for clients with congestive heart failure to prevent overeating and promote easier digestion, but it does not directly address the decreased cardiac output concern in this scenario.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Doing it according to his needs and abilities. This option is the most appropriate intervention for Mang Simon to maintain his exercise program. By tailoring the program to his needs and abilities, Mang Simon is more likely to adhere to it and prevent any potential injuries or health risks associated with overexertion. This approach ensures that the exercise routine is realistic and manageable for him, increasing his chances of long-term success. A: Writing down the exercise program may be helpful for organization but does not address the individualization needed for Mang Simon's specific situation. B: Thoroughly explaining the program to his wife, Aling Nena, may provide support but does not directly impact Mang Simon's ability to maintain the program. C: Positive motivation is important, but it alone may not be sufficient to address the practical aspects of adapting the exercise program to Mang Simon's needs and abilities.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Statement C indicates a misunderstanding that medication can be stopped when feeling better, which is incorrect. 2. Hypertension is a chronic condition that often requires lifelong medication. 3. This demonstrates a lack of understanding regarding the necessity of long-term management. 4. Statements A, B, and D show knowledge about hypertension's effects, dietary management, and awareness, respectively. Summary: Statement C is incorrect as it suggests stopping medication, while statements A, B, and D show accurate understanding of hypertension.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypocalcemia. Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign are both indicators of hypocalcemia, which is a common complication following thyroidectomy surgery due to potential damage to the parathyroid glands. Chvostek's sign is elicited by tapping the facial nerve and observing facial muscle twitching, while Trousseau's sign involves carpal spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff above systolic pressure. Both signs are sensitive indicators of hypocalcemia due to their association with neuromuscular irritability. Hypercalcemia (option C) and hyperkalemia (option D) are not typically associated with thyroidectomy surgery and would not present with these specific signs. Hypokalemia (option B) is not related to Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Answer B is correct because a hemoglobin level of 11mg/dl and hematocrit level of 32% in a 78-year-old client are indicative of anemia. Conducting a thorough nutritional assessment is essential to identify potential causes of anemia such as iron deficiency or vitamin deficiencies. This assessment will help determine appropriate interventions to manage the anemia. Summary: A: Incorrect. These levels are indicative of anemia, not normal findings. C: Incorrect. Advising to repeat the test in three months may delay necessary interventions for the anemia. D: Incorrect. While anemia can be related to bone marrow degeneration, a nutritional assessment is needed to identify the specific cause in this case.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hypovolemia and shock. Rationale: 1. Low blood volume leads to decreased blood pressure and rapid heart rate as compensatory mechanisms. 2. These signs indicate inadequate perfusion due to reduced blood volume. 3. Hypovolemia can progress to shock if not addressed promptly. Summary: A: Compression of blood vessels is not directly related to low blood volume. B: Increasing circulating blood volume would not occur in a client with low blood volume. C: Inadequate renal perfusion is a consequence of hypovolemia, not an implication of decreasing blood pressure and rapid heart rate.