Which laboratory results indicate compensated metabolic alkalosis?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Compensated metabolic alkalosis shows high PCO₂ (hypoventilation), high HCO₃⁻ (primary), high pH lungs retain CO₂ to offset (e.g., vomiting). Low PCO₂ is uncompensated acute. Low HCO₃⁻/pH is acidosis opposite. High PCO₂/low pH is respiratory acidosis unrelated. Compensation distinguishes it, key to acid-base balance, unlike uncompensated or opposite states.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The urethra expels urine from the body not ureter (kidney to bladder), nephron, or loop (kidney). This defines excretory channel, critical for elimination, contrasting with internal structures.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Dialysis filters blood in renal failure not gallstones (surgery), BP (meds), or UTIs (antibiotics). This explains its purpose, critical for ESRD, contrasting with unrelated treatments.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Collecting ducts transport concentrated urine to pelvis not filter (glomerulus), reabsorb glucose (PCT), or digest (gut). This specifies final conduit, critical for urine delivery, contrasting with earlier roles.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Podocytes form the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle not mesangial (support), extra-glomerular (lacis), or JG cells (arterioles). This identifies filtration cells, critical for GFR, contrasting with support/control cells.