Which is true of cromolyn?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cromolyn is a medication used in the management of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other allergic conditions. The correct answer, option D, states that all the statements are true. Let's break down each option to understand why the correct answer is right and why the others are incorrect: A) It prevents antibody-mediated mast cell degranulation: This statement is true. Cromolyn works by stabilizing mast cells, preventing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine in response to allergens. This action helps in reducing allergic symptoms. B) It prevents non-antibody-mediated mast cell degranulation: This statement is also true. Cromolyn not only inhibits the release of mediators triggered by antibodies but also those induced by non-antibody mechanisms, providing a broad anti-inflammatory effect. C) It has no bronchodilator properties: This statement is false. Cromolyn is not a bronchodilator. Instead, it helps in preventing asthma attacks by reducing the release of inflammatory substances, but it does not directly dilate the airways like bronchodilators such as albuterol. In an educational context, understanding the mechanisms of action of medications like cromolyn is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for children with asthma and allergies. By grasping how cromolyn works to prevent mast cell degranulation, nurses can better educate patients and families on the proper use of the medication and its role in managing these conditions effectively. This knowledge also aids in assessing treatment effectiveness and potential side effects, contributing to improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding drug-induced anaphylaxis and its common causes is crucial for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients. The correct answer, B) Aspirin, is not a common cause of drug-induced anaphylaxis in comparison to the other options provided. Aspirin is more commonly associated with non-allergic reactions such as gastrointestinal issues or asthma exacerbation in patients with underlying respiratory conditions like asthma. Penicillin (Option A), NSAIDs (Option C), and radiocontrast media (Option D) are known to be more frequent culprits in drug-induced anaphylaxis in pediatric patients. Penicillin is one of the most common causes of drug allergies in general, including anaphylaxis. NSAIDs, especially in patients with asthma or chronic urticaria, can trigger severe allergic reactions. Radiocontrast media can also induce anaphylaxis, particularly in patients with a history of reactions to contrast agents. In an educational context, this question serves to assess the test-taker's knowledge of common triggers of drug-induced anaphylaxis in pediatric patients. Understanding these common causes is essential for nurses to promptly recognize and manage allergic reactions in pediatric patients, ensuring their safety and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Two major manifestations and one minor manifestation. In the case of Ahmed, he presents with migratory polyarthritis (a major manifestation), newly heard apical pansystolic murmur (a major manifestation), and positive acute phase reactants (a minor manifestation). This combination fulfills the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Option A is incorrect as it suggests two major and two minor manifestations, which does not align with Ahmed's presentation. Option C is incorrect as it suggests one major and two minor manifestations, which is not consistent with the criteria for diagnosing rheumatic fever. Option D is incorrect as it implies only two major manifestations without considering the minor manifestations required for a definitive diagnosis. In an educational context, understanding the criteria for diagnosing rheumatic fever is crucial for pediatric nurses to accurately assess and manage patients. By recognizing the importance of major and minor manifestations, nurses can provide timely and appropriate care for children like Ahmed who are at risk for developing complications associated with rheumatic fever.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Functional abdominal pain is a common complaint in pediatric patients, and recognizing its features is crucial for effective nursing care. The correct answer is D) Recurrent periumbilical pain. This symptom is characteristic of functional abdominal pain and is often described as a central, intermittent pain around the umbilicus. Children with functional abdominal pain typically have normal growth patterns and no alarming symptoms like weight loss or vomiting blood, making deceleration of linear growth (B) and dysphagia (A) less likely. Nocturnal diarrhea (C) is not a typical feature of functional abdominal pain and may suggest other gastrointestinal issues. Educationally, understanding the distinguishing features of functional abdominal pain helps pediatric nurses provide appropriate care, alleviate patient anxiety, and educate families on managing the condition. By knowing the correct symptoms, nurses can guide treatment strategies, such as reassurance, dietary modifications, and stress management techniques, to improve the child's quality of life. Recognizing and differentiating these symptoms also prevent unnecessary tests and treatments, promoting cost-effective and patient-centered care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the Modified Duke criteria for infective endocarditis is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. The major criterion for Modified Duke infective endocarditis is blood cultures positive for specific organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus (Choice A). This criterion indicates the presence of an infective agent in the bloodstream leading to endocarditis. Option B, Osler's nodes or Roth spots, are actually minor criteria for infective endocarditis, not major criteria. These findings are associated with endocarditis but are not considered major diagnostic criteria. Septic emboli (Choice C) are also not a major Modified Duke criterion for infective endocarditis. While they can be a complication of endocarditis, they are not a primary criterion for diagnosis. Fever < 38°C (Choice D) does not align with the major criteria for Modified Duke infective endocarditis. Fever is a common symptom of many infections, including endocarditis, but the specific temperature mentioned is not a defining criterion. Educationally, understanding the key diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis, particularly in pediatric patients, ensures that nurses can recognize the signs and symptoms early, leading to prompt intervention and improved patient outcomes. Proper knowledge of these criteria can guide clinical decision-making and appropriate treatment plans.