Which is the imaging modality of choice in suspected renal haematuria?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Non-contrast CT is the choice for renal hematuria detects stones, masses, trauma (~95% sensitivity), fast/accurate. IVP (contrast) is outdated less sensitive. Angiography targets vessels not broad hematuria. Ureteroscopy is invasive diagnostic, not first-line. CT's versatility distinguishes it, key to hematuria workup, unlike older, specific, or procedural options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A 1 mm ureteral stone most likely impacts at the vesico-ureteric junction (VUJ) narrowest point (2-3 mm), distal bottleneck. Pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) and pelvic brim catch larger stones less for 1 mm. Bladder orifice is post-ureter irrelevant. VUJ's constriction distinguishes it, key to small stone obstruction, unlike proximal or irrelevant sites.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Treating with cefixime/azithromycin (STD regimen) and discharging is least indicated acute scrotal pain suggests torsion, a surgical emergency, not epididymitis. Radionuclide scan/Doppler confirm torsion useful. Manual detorsion relieves attemptable. Urinalysis rules out infection relevant. Presumptive antibiotics distinguish the error, key to missing torsion, unlike diagnostic or therapeutic steps.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: E. coli is the most common uncomplicated UTI organism ~80% (e.g., fimbriae adhesion), community-acquired leader. Chlamydia causes urethritis not bladder. Klebsiella/Proteus are less frequent complicated UTIs. E. coli's dominance distinguishes it, key to UTI microbiology, unlike STD or secondary pathogens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Kidneys extend from T12 to L3, with the lower end at L3 not T11, T12, L1, or L2. This defines renal vertebral position, vital for anatomical localization, contrasting with higher or partial placements.