Which is not a PAMP?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) is not a PAMP (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern) because it is not a specific molecular pattern derived from pathogens. PAMPs are recognized by the innate immune system to trigger an immune response. Viral dsRNA, peptidoglycan, and flagellin are all examples of PAMPs as they are specific molecules commonly found in pathogens that can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells, leading to activation of the immune response.ROS, on the other hand, are reactive molecules produced by host cells in response to pathogens but are not specific molecular patterns derived from pathogens. Therefore, ROS is not considered a PAMP.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgM. During a primary immune response, IgM antibodies are the first class produced by plasma cells. IgM is the largest antibody and is effective at agglutinating pathogens. It is later followed by IgG production. IgE is involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not typically produced in large amounts during a primary response. IgA is more abundant in mucosal tissues and secretions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because plant hormones are used in agriculture to control fruit production, ripening, dropping, and to produce seedless fruits. Choice A is correct as plant hormones regulate these processes. Choice B is also correct as certain plant hormones can induce seedless fruit formation. Choice C is incorrect as plant hormones are not typically used as weed killers in agriculture. Overall, the correct answer, D, encompasses all the agricultural uses of plant hormones listed in the other choices.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because rods and cones in the human retina convert light energy into electrical signals through phototransduction, which are then sent as action potentials to the brain via the optic nerve. This process allows for visual information to be transmitted and processed by the brain. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to the conversion of light energy to chemical energy, which is not the primary function of rods and cones. Choice B is incorrect as rods and cones do not specifically absorb ultraviolet light. Choice D is incorrect as rods and cones do not absorb infrared light.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diabetes. Anemia is a condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Diabetes does not directly cause anemia; it is a metabolic disorder affecting blood sugar levels. Iron deficiency anemia (A) is caused by a lack of iron, sickle cell anemia (B) is a genetic disorder affecting red blood cells, and aplastic anemia (C) is a bone marrow disorder. Therefore, the other choices are types of anemia, while diabetes is not.