Which is not a false cause of haematuria?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cimetidine doesn't falsely cause hematuria beetroot, raspberries, rhubarb mimic blood (pigments), common confounders. Cimetidine (H2-blocker) lacks urinary discoloration true negative. Non-false status distinguishes it, critical for hematuria evaluation, unlike dietary mimics.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Vascular surgeon consult is most appropriate for a clotted dialysis shunt thrombectomy/revision restores access, standard. Heparin irrigation risks embolization unsafe. Angiogram diagnoses not treatment. Systemic urokinase is outdated local preferred if thrombolysis needed. Surgical expertise distinguishes it, key to shunt salvage, unlike irrigation or systemic options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Juxtamedullary nephrons (15-20%) have large glomeruli near the cortex-medulla junction and long loops with vasa recta not 80%, surface glomeruli, or peritubular capillaries. This distinguishes their role in urine concentration, critical for medullary gradient, contrasting with cortical nephrons.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Schistosomiasis morbidity stems from eggs causing inflammation/fibrosis, not worms, miracidia (free-living), or 'schistooulium' (typo). This identifies pathogenic stage, key for complications, contrasting with adult worm effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ureter has transitional epithelium, two muscle layers above, three below, and a stellate lumen not a serosa (retroperitoneal). This corrects ureter anatomy, key for histology, contrasting with peritoneal structures.