Which is NOT a diagnostic criterion for major depressive episode?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention. The correct answer, option A, "Hypomanic episode," is not a diagnostic criterion for major depressive episodes. This is because hypomanic episodes are actually associated with bipolar disorder, not major depressive disorder. Option B, "Depressed mood," and option C, "Loss of interest or pleasure," are both key diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes according to the DSM-5. These symptoms are typically present nearly every day for at least two weeks in individuals experiencing a major depressive episode. Option D, "Significant weight loss," can be a symptom of major depressive episodes, but it is not a diagnostic criterion on its own. Other symptoms such as changes in appetite or weight are considered as part of the broader criteria for diagnosing major depressive disorder. Educationally, understanding these diagnostic criteria helps pediatric nurses accurately identify and support children and adolescents experiencing mental health challenges. By differentiating between symptoms of major depressive episodes and other mood disorders, nurses can provide appropriate care, referrals, and interventions to promote the well-being of young patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of a 2-year-old girl with thumb-sucking behavior, the BEST response is to choose option B) leave the behavior as complications usually start after 5 years. This response is appropriate because thumb-sucking is considered a normal behavior in young children, typically resolving on its own by the time they reach school age. By reassuring the mother that complications are less likely before the age of 5, unnecessary stress and intervention can be avoided. Option A) reassurance to the mother is a good approach to alleviate her concerns, but it is not as specific or accurate as option B, which provides a more targeted timeframe for resolution. Option C) suggesting to ignore thumb-sucking and encourage a substituted behavior may not be effective at this age as the child may not be developmentally ready to substitute the habit. Option D) using bitter ointments is not recommended for young children as it can be harmful and may not address the root cause of the behavior. Educationally, it is important for healthcare providers to have a good understanding of normal childhood behaviors and developmental milestones to provide appropriate guidance and support to parents. By choosing the best response based on evidence-based guidelines, healthcare providers can help parents navigate common concerns and promote healthy development in children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding truancy is crucial as it can be a red flag for various underlying issues. Option A, stating that truancy is normal behavior in young children, is incorrect. Truancy is not considered normal and should be addressed promptly. Option B, suggesting that truancy represents disorganization within the home, is a common consequence of truancy but does not encompass all possible causes. Truancy can result from various factors, including family dynamics, school-related issues, or mental health concerns. Option C implies that truancy may reflect underlying child abuse, which is a valid concern. Truancy can be a sign of neglect or abuse, making it essential for healthcare providers to assess further if this is suspected. Option D, linking depression to truancy, is relevant. Mental health issues like depression can contribute to truancy in children and should be considered during assessments. Educationally, it is vital for pediatric nurses to recognize the significance of truancy as a potential indicator of deeper problems. By understanding the various factors associated with truancy, nurses can provide comprehensive care and support to children and families facing these challenges.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Wood's lamp. In the evaluation of a toddler for autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), a Wood's lamp is not a standard or recommended diagnostic tool. A) Physical examination for dysmorphic features is important because certain genetic conditions can present with physical traits that may indicate an underlying syndrome associated with ASD. B) Hearing tests are crucial as hearing impairments can affect a child's communication and social development, which are key areas impacted in ASD. C) Brain CT scans may be ordered to rule out any physical abnormalities in the brain, which could potentially contribute to developmental delays or behavior changes seen in ASD. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind these evaluations helps healthcare providers and caregivers ensure a comprehensive assessment for children with suspected ASD, leading to early intervention and support. The exclusion of Wood's lamp emphasizes the importance of evidence-based assessments in pediatric care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the implications of a single umbilical artery in a newborn is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer is B) occult renal anomaly. This is because a single umbilical artery is associated with congenital renal anomalies, including renal agenesis or dysplasia, which may not be immediately apparent (hence "occult"). Option A) meningomyelocle is incorrect as it typically involves neural tube defects and is not directly related to a single umbilical artery. Option C) omphalocele involves abdominal wall defects, not specifically linked to a single umbilical artery. Option D) gastroschisis is also an abdominal wall defect and not directly associated with a single umbilical artery. Educationally, understanding this relationship helps nurses identify potential complications early, allowing for timely intervention and improved outcomes for the newborn. It underscores the importance of thorough physical assessments and the interconnectedness of different body systems in neonatal health. Nurses must be equipped with this knowledge to provide comprehensive care to newborns with congenital anomalies.