Which is not a common cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is D) Dust mites. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an inflammatory response in the lungs to repeated inhalation of organic dust particles. Moldy hay, bird droppings, and humidifiers are common causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to the presence of organic particles that trigger an immune response in susceptible individuals. Moldy hay contains mold spores which can be inhaled and cause an immune response in the lungs. Bird droppings contain proteins and microorganisms that can lead to hypersensitivity pneumonitis, especially in individuals who work in poultry farms or bird-keeping environments. Humidifiers can harbor bacteria and fungi if not properly cleaned, leading to respiratory issues. In an educational context, it is important for pediatric nurses to be aware of common causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in order to assess and educate patients and families on prevention strategies. Understanding the triggers can help in identifying potential sources of exposure and implementing interventions to reduce the risk of developing this condition in vulnerable populations, such as children with underlying respiratory conditions or allergies. By comprehensively understanding the different causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pediatric nurses can play a crucial role in promoting respiratory health and providing holistic care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In a pediatric patient with ventricular fibrillation, the immediate action should be to provide a DC shock (option A). This is because ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening arrhythmia that requires prompt defibrillation to restore normal sinus rhythm. Defibrillation helps to depolarize the heart muscle and allows the sinoatrial (SA) node to regain control of the heart's rhythm. Option B, giving anti-arrhythmic drugs, is not the first-line treatment for ventricular fibrillation in a pediatric patient. While anti-arrhythmic drugs may be used as adjunct therapy, they are not as effective as immediate defibrillation in this emergency situation. Option C, giving Epinephrine, is important in pediatric advanced life support protocols but should come after defibrillation in the management of ventricular fibrillation. Option D, giving Atropine, is used to treat symptomatic bradycardia and not ventricular fibrillation. In an educational context, it is crucial for pediatric nurses to understand the priority actions in managing pediatric cardiac emergencies like ventricular fibrillation. Quick and accurate decision-making can significantly impact patient outcomes in such critical situations. Nurses should be trained in recognizing arrhythmias, understanding the appropriate interventions, and being prepared to respond swiftly to provide life-saving care to pediatric patients experiencing cardiac emergencies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impaired hepatic copper transport, leading to copper accumulation in various organs. The correct answer is C) Urinary copper is high. This is because in Wilson's disease, there is impaired excretion of copper into bile, resulting in high levels of copper in the body, including the urine. Option A) Serum ceruloplasmin is high is incorrect because in Wilson's disease, there is decreased ceruloplasmin levels due to impaired synthesis by the liver. Option B) Autosomal dominant disorder is incorrect as Wilson's disease follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, requiring two copies of the defective gene for the disease to manifest. Option D) Hepatic dysfunction is usually mild is incorrect because Wilson's disease can lead to severe hepatic dysfunction, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure if left untreated. From an educational perspective, understanding the pathophysiology of Wilson's disease is crucial for pediatric nurses to recognize and manage this condition in pediatric patients. By knowing the key clinical manifestations and diagnostic findings associated with Wilson's disease, nurses can provide comprehensive care, educate patients and families about the importance of compliance with treatment, and facilitate timely interventions to prevent complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Ventricular septal defect. In pediatric nursing, understanding common congenital heart diseases is crucial. A ventricular septal defect is the most common acyanotic heart defect in children. This defect involves an opening in the septum between the two ventricles, allowing blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow and potential heart failure over time. Coarctation of the aorta (A) is a narrowing of the aorta, which can lead to high blood pressure and other complications, but it is not the most common acyanotic heart defect. Atrial septal defect (B) involves a hole in the atrial septum, leading to abnormal blood flow between the atria. Pulmonary valve stenosis (D) is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve, causing obstruction to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. Educationally, knowing the prevalence and characteristics of different congenital heart diseases helps nurses in early identification, appropriate intervention, and ongoing management of pediatric patients with these conditions. Understanding the pathophysiology of each defect is essential for providing safe and effective care to children with congenital heart diseases.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the correct statement is A) Squatting is a common clinical presentation. This is because squatting helps decrease the systemic vascular resistance, which can improve blood flow to the lungs in TOF patients, relieving cyanosis. This physiological response is known as the squatting maneuver and is a characteristic finding in TOF. Option B) Hypercyanotic spells in TOF are managed by increasing systemic vascular resistance, typically with methods like knee-chest position or administration of oxygen, not IV digoxin. IV digoxin is not recommended in this scenario. Option C) Brain abscess is not a common neurological complication in TOF. Complications like hypoxic brain injury or developmental delays due to chronic hypoxemia are more likely. Option D) The typical murmur heard in TOF is a systolic ejection murmur, not a pansystolic murmur. Understanding the characteristic findings in TOF is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this congenital heart defect. Recognizing these clinical presentations and appropriate interventions are essential for providing safe and effective care to these children.