Which is not a common cause of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is option C) Rice. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity most commonly seen in infants and young children. Rice is not a common cause of FPIES compared to milk, soy, and wheat which are more frequently implicated. Milk and soy are known common triggers for FPIES in infants. Milk proteins, especially cow's milk, are a leading cause of FPIES reactions due to the complex proteins that can trigger an immune response. Soy protein is also a common allergen that can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms in susceptible individuals. Wheat is another common allergen that can cause FPIES reactions. Wheat proteins can be challenging for some individuals to digest, leading to gastrointestinal distress and potential allergic reactions. Educationally, understanding the common triggers of FPIES is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of FPIES, as well as knowing the common allergens that can cause this condition, is essential for accurate diagnosis and management. By knowing which foods are more likely to trigger FPIES, healthcare providers can effectively educate parents and caregivers on proper dietary management and avoidance strategies to prevent potential allergic reactions in children with FPIES.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, identifying pathological murmurs is crucial for early detection and management of heart conditions. The correct answer is D) Presence of click. This is indicative of conditions like mitral valve prolapse, aortic valve stenosis, or other structural abnormalities. The presence of a click suggests a mechanical issue in the heart valves or walls. Option A) Splitting of the second heart sound at the pulmonary area is often associated with conditions like pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary stenosis, not necessarily pathological murmurs. Option B) Ejection systolic in timing typically occurs in innocent murmurs, common in children, and is not usually indicative of pathological conditions. Option C) A systolic murmur best heard in the supine position is more likely to be a functional or innocent murmur rather than a pathological one, as positional changes can affect the intensity of innocent murmurs. Educationally, understanding these auscultatory findings helps nurses differentiate between innocent murmurs and pathological ones, guiding them in deciding when to refer a patient for further evaluation by a pediatric cardiologist. It underscores the importance of thorough assessment and knowledge in pediatric cardiology to provide quality care to children with heart conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the implications of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in infants is crucial. The correct answer is C) 90%. Infants who are HBsAg-positive have a high likelihood of developing chronic hepatitis or becoming chronic carriers of the virus. This high percentage underscores the importance of early detection, monitoring, and intervention in these cases to prevent long-term complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Option A) 10% is incorrect because the percentage of HBsAg-positive infants developing chronic hepatitis or a chronic carrier state is much higher than this conservative estimate. Option B) 30% is also incorrect as it underestimates the actual risk these infants face. Option D) 70% is incorrect as it overestimates the percentage, indicating a misunderstanding of the severity of HBV infection in infants. Educationally, this question highlights the need for pediatric nurses to have a comprehensive understanding of infectious diseases like hepatitis B and the implications for pediatric patients. It emphasizes the importance of accurate knowledge in assessing, diagnosing, and managing infants at risk for chronic HBV infection. This knowledge is essential for providing optimal care and support to these vulnerable patients and their families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and neonatal cholestasis, hepatobiliary scintigraphy (option D) is an important diagnostic study. This test helps in evaluating the liver's ability to take up and excrete bile, which is crucial in diagnosing cholestasis in neonates. It provides valuable information about the functioning of the hepatobiliary system in neonates and can help identify the underlying cause of cholestasis. The other options (A) Chest X-ray, (B) CT abdomen, and (C) Echocardiography are not typically used as primary diagnostic studies for neonatal cholestasis. A chest X-ray may show nonspecific findings related to cholestasis but is not a definitive diagnostic tool. CT abdomen and echocardiography are not directly related to assessing liver function or biliary excretion. For nursing students preparing for pediatric exams, understanding the significance of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in evaluating neonatal cholestasis is essential. It helps in providing comprehensive care to neonates with liver disorders and ensures accurate diagnosis and timely interventions. Recognizing the appropriate diagnostic studies for different pediatric conditions is crucial for nursing practice and delivering quality care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the stages of shock is crucial for early recognition and intervention to prevent complications. The correct answer, option D, "Microvascular perfusion becomes marginal," is characteristic of the uncompensated stage of shock. In this stage, the body's compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed, leading to impaired microvascular perfusion, resulting in cellular hypoxia and organ dysfunction. Option A, "Inadequate perfusion of vital organs," is a common feature in all stages of shock, not specific to the uncompensated stage. Option B, "Blood flow is normal or increased and may be redistributed," is characteristic of the compensated stage where compensatory mechanisms maintain perfusion to vital organs despite reduced circulating volume. Option C, "Vital organ function is maintained," is more indicative of the early or compensated stage when the body is able to maintain organ function through compensatory mechanisms. Educationally, understanding the progression of shock stages is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients who are at risk for shock due to various conditions. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of each stage allows for prompt intervention and prevention of progression to more severe stages, ultimately improving patient outcomes. It is important to grasp these concepts to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients in critical condition.