Which is not a common cause of eosinophilic esophagitis?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic allergic inflammatory condition of the esophagus primarily triggered by allergens. In this case, the correct answer is D) Infections because infections are not a common cause of eosinophilic esophagitis. Option A) Foods, B) Drugs, and C) Environmental allergens are common triggers for eosinophilic esophagitis. Foods like dairy, wheat, eggs, and soy are often associated with this condition. Certain drugs can also induce an allergic response leading to esophagitis. Environmental allergens such as pollen or pet dander can exacerbate symptoms in individuals with eosinophilic esophagitis. Educationally, understanding the common causes of eosinophilic esophagitis is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. Recognizing these triggers can aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. By differentiating between common and uncommon causes, healthcare professionals can provide targeted care and support to children with this condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding congenital heart diseases like Tetralogy of Fallot is crucial. The correct answer is B) It is the most common cyanotic heart disease in children. This statement is true as Tetralogy of Fallot accounts for a significant portion of cyanotic heart defects in pediatric patients. Option A is incorrect because the typical murmur heard in Tetralogy of Fallot is a harsh systolic ejection murmur, not pansystolic. Option C is incorrect as brain abscess is not a common complication associated with Tetralogy of Fallot; instead, complications like hypoxic spells or cyanotic episodes are more prevalent. Option D is incorrect as the cardiac silhouette in Tetralogy of Fallot is typically boot-shaped due to right ventricular hypertrophy, not large with no specific contour. Educationally, understanding the key features of Tetralogy of Fallot aids in early recognition, appropriate management, and improved outcomes for pediatric patients with this condition. Nurses need to be able to recognize signs and symptoms, understand treatment options, and provide holistic care to children with Tetralogy of Fallot.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Endotracheal tube for opening the airway in an arrested child. When a child is in cardiac arrest, the most effective way to maintain an open airway and ensure adequate oxygenation is by inserting an endotracheal tube. This method allows for direct delivery of oxygen to the lungs and prevents obstruction of the airway. Option A) Oropharyngeal airway is commonly used for airway management in conscious or semi-conscious patients but is not suitable for an arrested child as it does not provide a secure airway. Option C) Head tilt and jaw thrust maneuver is used to open the airway in a patient with suspected cervical spine injury. In a child in cardiac arrest, this method may not be sufficient to establish and maintain a patent airway. Option D) Ryle tube is used for gastric decompression and enteral feeding, not for maintaining an airway in a child in cardiac arrest. In a pediatric nursing context, it is crucial for healthcare providers to be knowledgeable about the appropriate interventions during pediatric emergencies, including airway management in cardiac arrest situations. Understanding the rationale behind each airway opening method is essential for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients in critical situations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is option C) Joint pain without any objective finding. In acute rheumatic fever, minor manifestations are typically non-specific and can include joint pain without any visible signs of inflammation or objective findings upon examination. This is known as arthralgia, which is a common early symptom of rheumatic fever. Option A) Serological evidence of recent streptococcal infection is not a feature suggestive of minor manifestation of acute rheumatic fever. This is more related to the diagnosis of rheumatic fever based on evidence of preceding streptococcal infection. Option B) Non-pruritic erythematous rash over the trunk with fading center and well margin is more characteristic of erythema marginatum, a major manifestation of acute rheumatic fever, rather than a minor manifestation. Option D) Involuntary purposeless, jerky dysthymic movement of hands and arms is more indicative of Sydenham's chorea, which is a major manifestation of acute rheumatic fever and not a minor manifestation. In an educational context, it is important for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric patients, to recognize the various manifestations of acute rheumatic fever. Understanding the differences between minor and major manifestations is crucial for early identification, diagnosis, and management of this condition to prevent serious complications such as rheumatic heart disease. By knowing the key features of minor manifestations like arthralgia, healthcare providers can initiate timely interventions and prevent long-term consequences of acute rheumatic fever in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) The murmur of mitral regurgitation has the same features as the murmur of VSD in timing. In pediatric nursing, understanding the characteristics of heart defects like ventricular septal defects (VSD) is crucial. In this case, the timing of the murmur is key. In VSD, the murmur is typically holosystolic, whereas in mitral regurgitation, the murmur is also holosystolic. This similarity in timing can sometimes make it challenging to differentiate between the two conditions based on auscultation alone. Now, let's explore why the other options are incorrect: A) Unrepaired large VSD is almost associated with normal growth pattern in infancy - This statement is incorrect as large unrepaired VSD can lead to significant complications such as congestive heart failure and failure to thrive due to the increased workload on the heart. C) A normal pulmonary vascularity in plain CXR is expected - This is incorrect as a large VSD can lead to increased pulmonary blood flow, causing pulmonary congestion and prominent pulmonary vascularity on a chest X-ray. D) The apical impulse is suggestive of right ventricular dilation - This is incorrect as in a large VSD, the increased blood flow typically causes left ventricular enlargement rather than right ventricular dilation. Educationally, understanding the subtle differences in murmur characteristics between different heart defects is essential for accurate assessment and diagnosis in pediatric nursing. It highlights the importance of thorough auscultation skills and knowledge of cardiac pathophysiology in providing quality care to pediatric patients with congenital heart defects.