Which is not a common cause of drug-induced anaphylaxis?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding drug-induced anaphylaxis and its common causes is crucial for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients. The correct answer, B) Aspirin, is not a common cause of drug-induced anaphylaxis in comparison to the other options provided. Aspirin is more commonly associated with non-allergic reactions such as gastrointestinal issues or asthma exacerbation in patients with underlying respiratory conditions like asthma. Penicillin (Option A), NSAIDs (Option C), and radiocontrast media (Option D) are known to be more frequent culprits in drug-induced anaphylaxis in pediatric patients. Penicillin is one of the most common causes of drug allergies in general, including anaphylaxis. NSAIDs, especially in patients with asthma or chronic urticaria, can trigger severe allergic reactions. Radiocontrast media can also induce anaphylaxis, particularly in patients with a history of reactions to contrast agents. In an educational context, this question serves to assess the test-taker's knowledge of common triggers of drug-induced anaphylaxis in pediatric patients. Understanding these common causes is essential for nurses to promptly recognize and manage allergic reactions in pediatric patients, ensuring their safety and well-being.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Functional abdominal pain is a common complaint in pediatric patients, and recognizing its features is crucial for effective nursing care. The correct answer is D) Recurrent periumbilical pain. This symptom is characteristic of functional abdominal pain and is often described as a central, intermittent pain around the umbilicus. Children with functional abdominal pain typically have normal growth patterns and no alarming symptoms like weight loss or vomiting blood, making deceleration of linear growth (B) and dysphagia (A) less likely. Nocturnal diarrhea (C) is not a typical feature of functional abdominal pain and may suggest other gastrointestinal issues. Educationally, understanding the distinguishing features of functional abdominal pain helps pediatric nurses provide appropriate care, alleviate patient anxiety, and educate families on managing the condition. By knowing the correct symptoms, nurses can guide treatment strategies, such as reassurance, dietary modifications, and stress management techniques, to improve the child's quality of life. Recognizing and differentiating these symptoms also prevent unnecessary tests and treatments, promoting cost-effective and patient-centered care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the Modified Duke criteria for infective endocarditis is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. The major criterion for Modified Duke infective endocarditis is blood cultures positive for specific organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus (Choice A). This criterion indicates the presence of an infective agent in the bloodstream leading to endocarditis. Option B, Osler's nodes or Roth spots, are actually minor criteria for infective endocarditis, not major criteria. These findings are associated with endocarditis but are not considered major diagnostic criteria. Septic emboli (Choice C) are also not a major Modified Duke criterion for infective endocarditis. While they can be a complication of endocarditis, they are not a primary criterion for diagnosis. Fever < 38°C (Choice D) does not align with the major criteria for Modified Duke infective endocarditis. Fever is a common symptom of many infections, including endocarditis, but the specific temperature mentioned is not a defining criterion. Educationally, understanding the key diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis, particularly in pediatric patients, ensures that nurses can recognize the signs and symptoms early, leading to prompt intervention and improved patient outcomes. Proper knowledge of these criteria can guide clinical decision-making and appropriate treatment plans.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Bilateral bulbar conjunctival injection without exudate. This is one of the five principal clinical features of Kawasaki disease. Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile illness that primarily affects children under the age of 5. The presence of bilateral bulbar conjunctival injection without exudate is a key diagnostic criterion for Kawasaki disease. Option A) Aortic root enlargement is a possible complication of Kawasaki disease, but it is not one of the five principal clinical features used for diagnosis. Option B) Bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy (>2 cm in diameter) is another principal clinical feature of Kawasaki disease, along with fever, rash, changes in the extremities, and changes in the oral mucosa. Option C) Diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain are nonspecific symptoms and not considered principal clinical features of Kawasaki disease. Educationally, understanding the key clinical features of Kawasaki disease is crucial for early recognition and appropriate management to prevent serious complications such as coronary artery aneurysms. Nurses caring for pediatric patients must be knowledgeable about the diagnostic criteria and clinical manifestations of Kawasaki disease to provide timely and effective care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to understand the contraindications of certain drugs in specific conditions to ensure safe and effective care for children. In the case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the drug contraindicated is Digitalis (Option C). The rationale behind why Digitalis is contraindicated in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy lies in its mechanism of action. Digitalis, also known as Digoxin, works by increasing the force of the heart's contractions. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle is already thickened, and using Digitalis can further worsen the condition by increasing the workload on the heart, potentially leading to adverse events like arrhythmias or heart failure. Examining the other options: - Antibiotics (Option A): Antibiotics are not specifically contraindicated in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy unless there are underlying allergies or specific drug interactions to consider. - Diuretics (Option B): Diuretics can actually be beneficial in managing fluid overload in certain cardiac conditions, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. - Immunosuppressives (Option D): While not typically used in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, they are not specifically contraindicated solely based on this diagnosis. Educationally, understanding drug contraindications in pediatric patients with specific conditions like hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is essential for safe medication administration and optimal patient outcomes. It highlights the importance of tailored and evidence-based care for pediatric populations to prevent potential harm and promote healing.