Which is not a common cause of adverse food reactions?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding adverse food reactions is essential for providing safe and effective care to children. The correct answer, B) Food aversion, is not a common cause of adverse food reactions. Food aversion refers to a psychological or sensory dislike of a particular food, which may lead to avoidance but does not typically result in physical reactions like allergies or poisoning. Food additives (Option A) can cause adverse reactions in some individuals, especially those with sensitivities or allergies to specific additives. Food allergies (Option C) are a common cause of adverse food reactions in children, involving the immune system's response to certain proteins in food. Food poisoning (Option D) occurs due to consuming contaminated food or beverages, leading to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to differentiate between various types of adverse food reactions to provide appropriate interventions and support to children and their families. By understanding the differences between food aversion, food allergies, food additives, and food poisoning, nurses can help prevent and manage adverse reactions effectively, ensuring the well-being of their pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the characteristics of different types of dehydration is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention. In the case of hypertonic dehydration, the correct characteristic is A) Skin turgor is less affected relative to the severity of dehydration. This is because in hypertonic dehydration, the body loses more water than salt, leading to an increase in serum sodium levels. This higher concentration of sodium in the extracellular space draws water out of the cells, causing them to shrink. However, this movement of water from the intracellular space to the extracellular space may not be readily apparent in skin turgor assessment, making it less affected relative to the severity of dehydration. Now, let's address why the other options are incorrect: B) Serum sodium concentration is less than 135 mmol/L - This statement is incorrect for hypertonic dehydration as it involves increased serum sodium levels. C) Central nervous system complications are relatively infrequent - In hypertonic dehydration, central nervous system complications like seizures are more common due to the shift of water out of brain cells. D) Early onset of shock - Shock is a potential complication of dehydration, but it is not specific to hypertonic dehydration. Educational Context: Understanding the nuances of different types of dehydration is essential for pediatric nurses to accurately assess and manage fluid imbalances in children. Recognizing the specific characteristics of hypertonic dehydration, such as the impact on skin turgor and serum sodium levels, enables healthcare providers to provide timely and appropriate interventions to prevent further complications. This knowledge is vital for ensuring the well-being and recovery of pediatric patients experiencing dehydration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, selecting the correct size of an endotracheal tube is crucial to ensure effective airway management. In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Size 8. The reason Size 8 is the correct choice is because endotracheal tube sizes for pediatric patients are determined by the patient's age, weight, and height. A 16-year-old boy would typically require a size 8 endotracheal tube based on standard pediatric sizing guidelines. Option A) Size 6 is too small for a 16-year-old adolescent male, which could lead to airway obstruction and inadequate ventilation. Option C) Size 7.5 and Option D) Size 6.5 are also not appropriate choices as they may be too small for a patient of this age and size. Educationally, understanding the principles of airway management in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to provide safe and effective care. By knowing the appropriate sizing guidelines for endotracheal tubes based on age and other factors, nurses can quickly assess and intervene in emergency situations like the one described in this question.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) It is the difference between unmeasured cations and unmeasured anions. Anion gap is a valuable tool in diagnosing metabolic acid-base disorders. It represents the difference between the major unmeasured cations (mainly sodium and potassium) and unmeasured anions (primarily sulfate, phosphate, and organic acids) in the blood. A normal anion gap falls within the range of 8-16 mEq/L. An elevated anion gap indicates the presence of unmeasured anions like lactate in conditions such as metabolic acidosis. Option A is incorrect because the anion gap is not about chloride depletion in metabolic alkalosis. Option C is incorrect as it refers to low bicarbonate in metabolic acidosis, not the anion gap itself. Option D is incorrect as it inaccurately defines the anion gap as the measure of sodium not bound to chloride or bicarbonate, which is not the case. Understanding the anion gap is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients as it helps in identifying underlying causes of metabolic acidosis and guiding appropriate treatment interventions. By interpreting the anion gap, nurses can provide timely and effective care to pediatric patients with acid-base imbalances.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) 40%. In pediatric nursing, the nasal cannula typically delivers oxygen at a concentration of around 24-44%, which is equivalent to 1-6 liters per minute. This is suitable for children who require low to moderate levels of supplemental oxygen. Option A) 60% is incorrect because this level of oxygen concentration is not typically delivered using a nasal cannula. High-flow oxygen delivery systems such as a face mask or Venturi mask would be used for higher concentrations. Option C) 50% is also incorrect as it falls outside the typical range of oxygen concentration delivered via a nasal cannula in pediatric patients. Option D) 100% is incorrect as delivering 100% oxygen via a nasal cannula can be harmful to pediatric patients, as it can lead to oxygen toxicity. Understanding the appropriate oxygen delivery systems and concentrations is crucial in pediatric nursing to ensure the safety and well-being of young patients. Nurses must be knowledgeable about the equipment and techniques used to provide effective care to pediatric patients requiring oxygen therapy. A solid understanding of oxygen delivery systems is essential for pediatric nurses to provide optimal care and support to their patients.