Which is not a cause of epididimoorchitis?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Amiodarone causes epididymitis, not orchitis drug-induced, not infectious, distinguishing it as not epididimoorchitis (combined). Mumps virus spreads to testes classic. Pseudomonas infects epididymis/testes nosocomial. Cryptococcus (fungal) affects immunocompromised rare but true. Amiodarone's epididymal limit distinguishes it, key to etiology differentiation, unlike infectious causes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: 10 cm kidneys (normal size) suggest ARF CRF shrinks kidneys (<9 cm) from scarring, not chronic. Anemia (erythropoietin loss), osteodystrophy (phosphate retention), and polyuria/nocturia (tubular damage) are CRF hallmarks chronic adaptation. Normal size distinguishes ARF, key to differentiating acuity, unlike chronic signs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased erythropoietin isn't CRF levels drop, causing anemia (e.g., renal failure), incorrect. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (phosphate retention), hypocalcemia (low vitamin D), and hyperphosphatemia (excretion loss) all classic. Erythropoietin deficiency distinguishes the error, key to CRF's anemia, unlike metabolic shifts.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Iron doesn't typically cause ARF unlike rhabdomyolysis (myoglobin), NSAIDs (perfusion drop), and ethylene glycol (oxalate crystals), all established. Iron overload affects liver renal toxicity rare. Lack of nephrotoxicity distinguishes it, key to ARF differential, unlike proven renal insults.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Urethral prolapse doesn't typically cause postrenal failure rare obstruction (e.g., females), unlike bladder tumor (outflow block), phimosis (urethral), and neurogenic bladder (emptying failure). Minimal obstructive impact distinguishes it, key to postrenal etiology, unlike clear blockages.