Which is incorrect regarding acute renal failure?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis isn't the most common renal ARF cause acute tubular necrosis (ATN) dominates (e.g., ischemia/toxins), incorrect. Pre-renal urea:creatinine rises hypoperfusion concentrates urea, true. Post-renal obstruction is less common e.g., stones rarer than ATN, accurate. Glomerulonephritis shows hematuria, pyuria, casts classic, correct. ATN's prevalence distinguishes the error, critical for ARF etiology, unlike true pre/post-renal or diagnostic statements.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Amiodarone causes epididymitis, not orchitis drug-induced, not infectious, distinguishing it as not epididimoorchitis (combined). Mumps virus spreads to testes classic. Pseudomonas infects epididymis/testes nosocomial. Cryptococcus (fungal) affects immunocompromised rare but true. Amiodarone's epididymal limit distinguishes it, key to etiology differentiation, unlike infectious causes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Prostatitis isn't usually STD-related E. coli (enteric) dominates acute bacterial cases, incorrect. Tender/enlarged prostate classic sign, true. IV gentamicin/ampicillin for severe cases appropriate. Co-trimoxazole concentrates well effective, correct. Non-STD etiology distinguishes the error, key to bacterial prostatitis, unlike physical, severe, or treatment truths.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: 10 cm kidneys (normal size) suggest ARF CRF shrinks kidneys (<9 cm) from scarring, not chronic. Anemia (erythropoietin loss), osteodystrophy (phosphate retention), and polyuria/nocturia (tubular damage) are CRF hallmarks chronic adaptation. Normal size distinguishes ARF, key to differentiating acuity, unlike chronic signs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased erythropoietin isn't CRF levels drop, causing anemia (e.g., renal failure), incorrect. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (phosphate retention), hypocalcemia (low vitamin D), and hyperphosphatemia (excretion loss) all classic. Erythropoietin deficiency distinguishes the error, key to CRF's anemia, unlike metabolic shifts.