Which is a complication that can occur after abdominal surgery if pain is not managed?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of post-operative care after abdominal surgery, the correct answer is A) Atelectasis. Atelectasis is a potential complication that can occur if pain is not managed effectively. Atelectasis is the partial or complete collapse of the lung tissue, which can result from inadequate deep breathing due to pain. When a patient experiences pain, they may take shallow breaths or avoid coughing, leading to decreased lung expansion and the potential for atelectasis to develop. Option B) Hypoglycemia is not directly related to pain management after abdominal surgery. While stress and surgery can impact blood glucose levels, it is not a direct consequence of unmanaged pain. Option C) Decrease in heart rate is not a typical complication related to unmanaged pain after abdominal surgery. Pain can actually increase heart rate due to the stress response and sympathetic nervous system activation. Option D) Increase in cardiac output is also not a common complication associated with poor pain management post-abdominal surgery. Inadequate pain control is more likely to lead to decreased cardiac output due to factors like decreased mobility and potential respiratory complications. Educationally, it is crucial for nursing students to understand the impact of pain management on post-operative outcomes. Effective pain control is essential not only for patient comfort but also for preventing complications such as atelectasis, which can lead to further respiratory issues and prolonged recovery times. Nurses must assess and manage pain diligently to promote optimal recovery and prevent potential post-operative complications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) A topical anesthetic can be applied. Immunizations are crucial for protecting infants from serious and potentially life-threatening diseases. By applying a topical anesthetic before administering the injection, the discomfort associated with the procedure can be minimized, making it a more tolerable experience for both the infant and the mother. This approach aligns with the principles of patient-centered care, as it addresses the mother's concern while ensuring the infant receives the necessary immunizations. Option A) This cannot be prevented is incorrect because discomfort associated with injections can be mitigated through the use of topical anesthetics. Option B) Infants do not feel pain as adults do is incorrect. While infants may perceive and express pain differently than adults, they still experience discomfort during procedures such as injections. Option C) This is not a good reason for refusing is incorrect because the mother's concerns about discomfort are valid. However, it is essential to educate her about strategies to reduce this discomfort rather than dismissing her worries. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to address parental concerns regarding immunizations with empathy and understanding. By providing information about pain management techniques like topical anesthetics, nurses can support parents in making informed decisions that prioritize their child's health and well-being. This approach fosters trust and collaboration between healthcare providers and families, ultimately promoting positive health outcomes for children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, the correct answer to the question is B) Dorsogluteal. The dorsogluteal muscle is contraindicated for the administration of immunizations in infants and young children due to the potential risk of damaging the sciatic nerve that runs close to this site. The deltoid muscle (option A) is a common site for immunizations in older children and adults but is not recommended for infants due to insufficient muscle mass. The ventrogluteal muscle (option C) and anterolateral thigh (option D) are both preferred sites for administering immunizations in infants and young children due to their safety and accessibility. Educationally, it is crucial for nursing students to understand the anatomical considerations when administering medications or immunizations to pediatric patients. By knowing which muscle sites are appropriate and contraindicated for specific age groups, nurses can ensure safe and effective care for their young patients. Understanding these principles is vital for providing quality pediatric nursing care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding common skin lesions is crucial for accurate assessment and appropriate intervention. In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Vesicle. A vesicle is an elevated, circumscribed skin lesion that is less than 1 cm in diameter and filled with serous fluid. Vesicles are commonly seen in conditions like chickenpox, herpes simplex, and contact dermatitis. Option A) Cyst is incorrect because a cyst is a closed sac-like structure that contains fluid, semi-solid material, or gas. Cysts are usually deeper in the skin compared to vesicles. Option B) Papule is incorrect as it refers to a solid, raised skin lesion that is less than 1 cm in diameter and does not contain fluid. Papules are seen in conditions like acne or insect bites. Option C) Pustule is incorrect as it is a small, elevated skin lesion that contains pus. Pustules are often associated with bacterial infections like impetigo or acne. Understanding these distinctions is vital for nurses caring for children as it helps in accurate assessment, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment interventions. Being able to differentiate between various skin lesions enables healthcare providers to provide targeted care and ensure positive outcomes for pediatric patients.