Which immunoglobulins will initially protect a newborn baby of a breastfeeding mother (select all that apply)?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) IgA. When a newborn baby is breastfeeding from the mother, the initial protection comes from the passive transfer of immunoglobulin A (IgA) through breast milk. IgA plays a crucial role in protecting mucosal surfaces, which are the first line of defense against pathogens. Option B) IgD is not typically involved in passive immunity through breastfeeding. IgD functions mainly as a cell surface antigen receptor on B cells. Option C) IgE is primarily involved in allergic responses and defense against parasites. It is not the primary immunoglobulin transferred through breast milk for newborn protection. Option D) IgG is another important immunoglobulin, but IgG transfer from the mother to the fetus occurs mainly across the placenta during pregnancy, providing passive immunity before birth. While IgG can also be present in breast milk, it is not the initial source of protection for the newborn. In an educational context, understanding the transfer of immunoglobulins through breastfeeding is essential for healthcare professionals working with newborns and mothers. This knowledge helps in promoting breastfeeding as a means of providing passive immunity to newborns during the critical early stages of life.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer includes options A, B, C, and E. The evolution of new infectious agents, inappropriate use of antibiotics, human encroachment into wilderness areas, and an increased number of immunosuppressed individuals contribute significantly to the rise in untreatable infections. Transmission from humans to animals is less relevant compared to zoonotic transmission from animals to humans.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Cytomegalovirus retinitis. This finding supports the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in an individual with HIV because cytomegalovirus retinitis is an opportunistic infection that typically occurs in individuals with severely compromised immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV/AIDS. Option A) Flu-like symptoms are non-specific and can be present in various conditions, not specific to AIDS. Option B) Oral hairy leukoplakia is often seen in individuals with HIV but is not a definitive indicator of AIDS. Option C) CD4+ T cells 200–500/µL is a low CD4 count, but the diagnosis of AIDS is typically based on a CD4 count below 200/µL or the presence of an AIDS-defining condition, like cytomegalovirus retinitis. Educationally, understanding the specific opportunistic infections associated with advanced HIV/AIDS is crucial for healthcare professionals to accurately diagnose and manage individuals with the disease. This knowledge helps in providing appropriate care and treatment to improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the appropriate nursing intervention for a patient with acute HIV infection who is not yet ready to start antiretroviral therapy is to teach the patient about immune enhancement (option D). This intervention is crucial in empowering the patient to take an active role in managing their health. Teaching the patient about immune enhancement can help them understand the importance of strengthening their immune system through strategies such as proper nutrition, exercise, stress management, and avoiding opportunistic infections. By educating the patient on these aspects, they can potentially slow the progression of the disease and improve their overall well-being. Option A, assisting with end-of-life issues, is not appropriate at this stage of the illness as the patient is not in a terminal phase. Option B, providing care during acute exacerbations, is more reactive and does not address the proactive approach of immune enhancement. Option C, providing physical care for chronic diseases, is not as relevant because the patient is currently in the acute phase of HIV infection. From an educational perspective, understanding the rationale behind immune enhancement empowers nurses to engage patients in self-care practices that can positively impact their health outcomes. It also highlights the importance of individualized care and patient education in managing chronic conditions like HIV.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding oncogenes is crucial for comprehending cancer development. The correct answer to the question, "Which word identifies a mutation of protooncogenes?" is A) Oncogenes. Protooncogenes are normal genes that can become oncogenes when mutated, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and potentially cancer. By selecting option A, students demonstrate knowledge of this transformation. Option B) Retrogenes are not related to protooncogenes or cancer development. Retrogenes are genes that are duplicated via reverse transcription and integration into the genome. Option C) Oncofetal antigens are markers found on cancer cells, not mutated genes involved in cancer initiation like protooncogenes. Option D) Tumor angiogenesis factor is a protein that promotes the growth of blood vessels to supply a tumor with nutrients, not directly related to protooncogene mutations. Educationally, understanding the distinction between protooncogenes and oncogenes is fundamental in recognizing the genetic basis of cancer. This knowledge aids in targeted therapies and prevention strategies. Students should grasp the concept that a normal gene, when mutated, can become an oncogene, driving abnormal cell proliferation and potentially leading to cancer.