Which if the following concerned Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is NOT true

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: The correct answer is E, as it states that the question is asking for a statement that is NOT true regarding HPV. Choices A, B, C, and D are all true statements about HPV. A) Both women and men can be infected with HPV. B) HPV can indeed cause cervical cancer. C) The HPV vaccine is a prophylactic recombinant vaccine. D) HPV is a DNA virus that can integrate into the cellular genome. Therefore, the only option left, E, is the correct answer as it contradicts the true statements provided in the other choices.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because it states that human strains of Influenza extensively infect epithelial cells throughout the body, which is not true. Influenza primarily infects cells of the respiratory tract, leading to respiratory symptoms. Systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and muscle aches are more related to the body's immune response rather than widespread infection of epithelial cells throughout the body. This statement is incorrect as it misrepresents the pathogenesis of Influenza. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they are all true statements supported by scientific evidence regarding Influenza transmission, asymptomatic spread, and viral entry mechanism, respectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because OPV induces mucosal immunity that blocks enteric infection and viral transmission. This is crucial in preventing the spread of poliovirus through the fecal-oral route. Choice A is incorrect because OPV primarily induces an IgA response in the mucosal surfaces, not IgG. Choice B is incorrect because while OPV is effective, it carries a risk of vaccine-derived poliovirus, making IPV the preferred choice in some situations. Therefore, Choice C is the most accurate as it highlights the unique ability of OPV to induce mucosal immunity, which is essential for preventing poliovirus transmission.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: How the number of different immunoglobulins produced by an individual can be far greater than the number of genes in the human genome. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs during B cell development, leading to the generation of a diverse repertoire of antibodies from a limited number of genes. This process allows for the production of a vast array of immunoglobulins through mechanisms like V(D)J recombination. Choice B is incorrect because the gene rearrangement process actually enables a single gene to encode for multiple immunoglobulins. Choice C is partially correct but does not fully capture the significance of gene rearrangement in expanding the diversity of immunoglobulins beyond what the genome would suggest. Choice D is incorrect as it combines a correct statement (A) with an incomplete statement (C).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because polarizing cytokines secreted by dendritic cells play a crucial role in determining the differentiation of activated Th cells into specific effector subsets. These cytokines guide the Th cells towards different functional phenotypes, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, or Treg cells. This process helps tailor the immune response to the specific type of pathogen encountered. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because while signal 1 of activation, T cell receptor co-receptors, and duration of signaling are important factors in T cell activation and differentiation, they do not have as direct and significant an impact on effector subset differentiation as the influence of polarizing cytokines.