Which hormone, produced by the kidneys,

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys in the glomerular capsule, stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Choice B (the loop of Henle cells) is incorrect as they are involved in urine concentration, not hormone production. Choice C (pyramids of the kidney) is incorrect as they are structures in the kidney, not involved in hormone production. Choice D (adrenaline) is incorrect as it is produced by the adrenal glands, not the kidneys.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because renal colic can present without hematuria. Renal colic is typically associated with severe flank pain caused by ureteral stones. Hematuria is a common symptom but not always present. This is due to the stone's location and size affecting the degree of irritation and damage to the urinary tract. Therefore, the absence of hematuria does not exclude the possibility of renal colic. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Females are not more commonly affected than males, calculi can be either radio-opaque or radio-lucent, and the recurrence rate by 5 years is closer to 50% rather than 20%.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dysuria. Dysuria refers to painful or difficult urination, which is a common symptom of prostatitis due to inflammation of the prostate gland. The patient's complaint of burning and pain during urination aligns with the definition of dysuria. B: This choice is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information related to the patient's symptoms. C: Nocturia is the increased need to urinate at night and is not directly related to the patient's complaint of burning and pain during urination. D: This choice is also incomplete and does not address the patient's specific symptoms of prostatitis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Men with a history of cryptorchidism are at the greatest risk for the development of testicular cancer. This is because cryptorchidism, which is the condition of undescended testicles, is a known risk factor for testicular cancer. When the testicles do not descend properly, there is an increased likelihood of cancer development. This statement is true as individuals with cryptorchidism have a higher risk of testicular cancer compared to those without this condition. Other choices are incorrect: A: Testicular cancer is not the most common cancer in men aged 30 to 50 years. Prostate cancer is more common in this age group. B: The early symptoms of testicular cancer are not pain and induration. Common symptoms include painless testicular swelling or a lump. D: The cure rate for testicular cancer is actually high, especially when detected early. This statement is incorrect.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the presence of yellowish 1-cm nodules that are firm and nontender on the scrotal skin could indicate a serious issue such as testicular cancer or a benign condition like sebaceous cysts. Further evaluation is necessary to rule out malignancy or infection. A: Skin on the scrotum being taut is a normal finding. B: Left testicle hanging lower than the right is a common anatomical variation, not a cause for concern. C: The absence of information makes it impossible to determine if this finding requires follow-up.