Which gland is responsible for the production of growth hormone?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for producing growth hormone, also known as somatotropin. This hormone plays a key role in promoting growth, cell regeneration, and overall development. The other choices are incorrect because the thyroid gland primarily produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism, the adrenal medulla produces adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to stress, and the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. Therefore, the correct answer is the anterior pituitary gland as it specifically produces growth hormone.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because insulin is released by β cells in the pancreas and its main function is to lower blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. β cells are located in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and are responsible for producing and releasing insulin in response to high blood sugar levels. A, B, and C are incorrect: A: Insulin is not released by α cells; glucagon is the hormone released by α cells that increases blood sugar levels. B: Insulin lowers blood sugar, so it is not released by α cells, and α cells do not lower blood sugar. C: Insulin is released by β cells, not α cells, and it decreases blood sugar levels, not increases them.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acromegaly. After body growth is completed, excess growth hormone causes the bones and soft tissues to continue growing abnormally, leading to enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. Gigantism occurs before growth plates close, resulting in overall increased body size. Tetany is caused by low calcium levels, not excess growth hormone. Kidney failure is unrelated to pituitary hormone regulation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. They have opposing actions, thus producing antagonistic results. Summary: - FSH and LH (choice B) work together in the reproductive system. - ADH and vasopressin (choice C) are different names for the same hormone. - Oxytocin and prolactin (choice D) have complementary roles in milk production and breastfeeding.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: cortisol. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, primarily in the liver. Cortisol plays a key role in stimulating gluconeogenesis by promoting the breakdown of proteins and fats to generate substrates for glucose production. Aldosterone, insulin, and secretin do not directly stimulate gluconeogenesis. Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance, insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, and secretin stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion. Cortisol is the hormone responsible for activating gluconeogenesis in the liver.