Which gland is associated with “sugar, salt, and sex”?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is associated with producing hormones related to sugar (glucocorticoids), salt (mineralocorticoids), and sex (androgens). Glucocorticoids regulate glucose metabolism, mineralocorticoids regulate salt balance, and androgens are sex hormones. The pancreas primarily regulates blood sugar levels. The parathyroid gland is responsible for calcium and phosphorus balance, not sugar, salt, and sex. The neurohypophysis is part of the pituitary gland and mainly regulates water balance and blood pressure, not specifically sugar, salt, and sex.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. The neurohypophysis is the posterior pituitary gland. 2. It stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. 3. These hormones include oxytocin and vasopressin. 4. These hormones regulate water balance, blood pressure, and uterine contractions. 5. Choice D is correct as it accurately describes the neurohypophysis. Summary: A: Incorrect - Anterior pituitary gland is not the neurohypophysis. B: Incorrect - These hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. C: Incorrect - Releasing hormones are produced by the hypothalamus, not the neurohypophysis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pancreas. The pancreas secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose levels and glucagon to elevate blood glucose levels. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose for energy, while glucagon triggers the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream. Adenohypophysis (B) secretes various hormones but not related to blood glucose regulation. Thyroid (C) secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly impacting blood glucose levels. Adrenal cortex (D) secretes hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, which are not primarily involved in blood glucose regulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B is correct: 1. T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland. 2. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism. 3. T3 and T4 directly influence the basal metabolic rate (BMR). 4. An increase in T3 and T4 levels leads to an increase in BMR. 5. Therefore, choice B is correct as T3 and T4 regulate the basal metabolic rate. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: - Choice A (stimulate the adenohypophysis to secrete TSH) is incorrect as TSH is produced by the pituitary gland, not affected by T3 and T4. - Choice C (stimulate osteoclastic activity, thereby elevating plasma calcium levels) is incorrect as this function is primarily attributed to parathyroid hormone, not T3 and T4. - Choice D (all is applicable) is incorrect as only choice B

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cortisol. Cortisol exerts negative feedback control on the secretion of ACTH by inhibiting the release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and ACTH from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, respectively. This feedback loop helps regulate the body's stress response and maintain hormone levels within a normal range. A: PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) does not directly regulate the secretion of ACTH. B: Glucagon regulates blood sugar levels and does not directly affect ACTH secretion. D: Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the hormone that stimulates the release of ACTH, so it does not exert negative feedback control on ACTH secretion.